• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.330-336
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• 2000

A large number of streptococci that do not fit readily into any of the established classification schemes have been relegated to a large heterogeneous group called the Streptococcus viridans, which are members of the normal flora of the mucous membranes of the body, including the oral cavity, the nasopharynx, and genitourinary tract. This group includes S. mitis, S. oralis, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, S. milleri, etc. Surveying on the literature, it has been reported that infective endocarditis, meningitis, rhabdomyolysis, cholangitis, appendicitis caused by Streptococcus viridans, which were the most important pathogen in children with malignant hematologic disease. Various antibiotics has been chosen for treatment or prophylaxis for these infections, but were generally lower antimicrobial susceptibilities because of an abuse of antibiotics and advent of resistant group. Therefore, surveillant culture must be performed to evaluate personal antimicrobial susceptibilities of intraoral microbes for proper antimicrobial choice for dental procedures. This study examined sampling from subgingival plaque of 60 chidren's microbes. The cultured bacterial isolates, Streptococcus viridans were examined 10 antimicrobial drugs with the Kirby-Bauer agar disk diffusion method. The used drugs were Penicillin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin. The results were as follows : 1. Sampling Streptococcus viridans were S. mitis(65%), S. oralis(22%), S. sanguis(5%), S. intermedius(3%), S. salivarius(2%), S acidominimus(2%), Unidentified streptococcus(2%). 2. The antimicrobial susceptibility of total Streptococcus viridans : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Pencillin=Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Ampicillin< Clindamycin< Gentamicin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 3. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. mitis : Oxacillin=Erythromycin< Ciprofloxacin< Cephalothin< Penicillin=Ampicillin< Gentamicin< Clidamycin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 4. The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. oralis : Oxacillin< Erythromycin< Penicillin=Ciprofloxacin=Clindamycin< Cephalothin=Gentamicin< Ampicillin< Imipenem=Vancomycin. 5. There was no significant difference in the antimicrobial susceptibility among each Streptococcus viridans group.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.197-203
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• 2008

It has been reported that the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of viridans streptococci vary according to geographical region. Although several studies on the antibiotic resistance of viridans streptococci in foreign countries have been reported, little is known about the distribution of resistance among viridans streptococci in Korea. In this study, 88 isolates of viridans streptococci from Korean students' dental plaque were identified as 12 different species. The susceptibility of these isolates to 8 antibiotics was investigated. The in vitro antibiotic activity of penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline was measured by the broth microdilution method. The range of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), MIC50, MIC90, and the percentage of the susceptible isolates were determined. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius were susceptible to the 8 antibiotics. Isolates with resistance to vancomycin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin were not found. The overall resistance rates of the 88 isolates to penicillin G, ampicillin, gentamicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline were 12.5%, 62.5%, 62.5%, 26.1%, and 26.1%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.198-207
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• 2023

Objectives: This study investigated causative strains and their antibiotic sensitivity in patients who were hospitalized for maxillofacial odontogenic infections at a tertiary center in South Korea over the past 10 years with the aim of providing guidelines for the selection of appropriate empirical antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Patients with head and neck fascial space abscesses due to odontogenic infections who underwent incision and drainage surgery with pus culture tests between 2013 and 2022 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dankook University Hospital were included. The bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivity of each strain were analyzed for 2013-2022, 2013-2017, and 2018-2022. The affected fascial spaces were classified into primary, secondary, and deep neck spaces. Results: In the 192 patients included in this study, 302 strains were detected. Viridans streptococcus had the highest frequency (51.7%), followed by Prevotella spp. (16.9%), Staphylococcus spp. (5.6%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4.6%). The identification rate of viridans streptococcus significantly increased from 41.8% in 2013-2017 to 60.9% in 2018-2022. Viridans streptococcus showed an antibiotic sensitivity of 80.5% to ampicillin; the sensitivity to penicillin antibiotics decreased over the study period. Antibiotic susceptibility was approximately 94% for third-generation cephalosporins. K. pneumoniae, which was identified at a high percentage in patients with deep neck space infection, showed increasing antibiotic resistance to most antibiotics over the study period. Conclusion: Viridans streptococcus was identified in head and neck fascial space abscesses with the highest frequency. Empirical antibiotics should be effective against this strain; penicillin antibiotics are considered inappropriate. For effective treatment of deep neck space abscesses, bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests performed as soon as possible are essential.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2008

In this study, specimens such as tongue, supragingival and subgingival biofilm were taken from total 20 scaling subjects who visited the oral prophylaxis practice lab at department of dental hygienics, J Health College in order to observe bacterial distributions and morphology using scanning electron microscopy(sem). as a result, this study came to the following conclusions: 1. According to observation of tongue, supragingival and subgingival biofilm through sem, it is found that there are round colonies of gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli on blood agar medium. 2. The observation of bacterial morphology on dental biofilm through sem, cocci in chain cocci in cluster and bacillus(rod) respectively. 3. For tongue biofilm, it is found that a variety of bacterial species are detected, such as Granulicatolla adiacens(1), Gemella morbillorum(3), Streptococcus mitis(2), Streptococcus sanguinis(1), Aerococcus viridans (2), Streptococcus equinus(1), Leuconostoc spp.(1), Gemella haemolysans (1) and Lactococcus lactis spp.(1) respectively. 4. For supragingival biofilm, it is found that a variety of bacterial species detected, such as Aerococcus viridans(1), Gemella haemolysans(2), Leuconostoc spp.(2), Gemella morbillorum(1) and Pseudomonas fluoescens (1) respectively. 5. For subgingival biofilm, it is found that a variety of bacterial species detected, such as Leuconostoc spp.(1), Staphylococcus lugdunensis(1) and Streptococcus salivarius(1) respectively.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2007

A study of the J health college dept of dental hygiene practice vistant a total of 35 supragingival calculus and subgingival calculus picking SEM observation and bacteria identification of the result are followings. 1. As observed by dental calculus SEM, the surface roughness appeared as peaks, valleys, and pits. 2. About bacteteria morphology blood agar plate small green zone partial hemolysis colony streptococcus observation 3. Isolated colony gram stain gram are positive display 4. Supragingival calculus at Lactococcus lactis spp. Leuconostoc spp. Streptococcus mitis, Aerococcus viridans bacteria 1, 3, 3, 16 species detection 5. Subgingival calculus at Aerococcus viridans, Leuconostoc spp. bacteria 5, 1 species detection.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.638-643
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• 2003

Raw milk samples, and cow and chicken intestines were tested to isolate vancomycin-resistant, gram-positive bacteria. From these samples, we isolated seven vancomycin-resistant Streptococcus equinus, two vancomycin-resistant viridans Streptococcus and two vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. The MICs of several antibiotics, including vancomycin, against these strains were tested. Seven isolates of S. equinus showed high level resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin (＞100 $\mu$ g/mL). The cell wall thickness of these strains was compared with that of the sensitive strain by TEM and no differences were obserbed between these strains. We compared the strains of vancomycin-resistant Streptococcus equinus using PCR with Microbial Uniprimer Kit. We concluded that it is necessary to combine other methods in order to cluster and identify all isolates of S. equinus.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.174-178
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• 2006

Brain abscess is a rare, extremely aggressive, life-threatening infection. It may occur following : infection of contiguous structure, hematogenous spread, or cranial trauma/surgery. Dental pathology and/or treatment have been linked to a small number of brain abscesses as possible source of infection. 50-year-old male patient was presented with a brain abscess caused by Streptococcus viridans. In the case presented, the significant oral findings were chronic periapical and periodontal infection due to root remnant of lower right 3rd molar. A case history and brief literature review of brain abscess related odontogenic infection was presented after successful treatment with antibiotics and craniotomy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.225-226
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• 2017

Streptococcus mitis is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, alpha-hemolytic, and nonmotile cocci. S. mitis is a viridans streptococci and a normal commensal of throat, nasopharynx, and mouse and is associated with infective endocarditis, septicemia, and meningitis. S. mitis KCOM 1350 (= ChDC B183) was isolated from a human mandibular osteomyelitis lesion. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of S. mitis KCOM 1350.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.568-584
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• 1994

Bacteria have been regarded as major etiolgic factors in root canal infections. Infected root canal flora from thirteen patients who had visited to conservative department of Wonkwang dental hospital were cultured on blood agar plates. Cultued microorganisms were isolated and identified with Gram stain and biochemical tests using Vitek Systems(BioMeriux, MO, USA); Antibiotic susceptibillity was performed with disk diffusion and broth microdilution using Vitek Systems. Gram positive cocci(65 %) were predominant, which were composed of 6 Streptococcus viridans group, 5 Staph. spp., and 4 Enterococcus faecium, in the isolatd 23 strains. Gram negative rods (26 %) were the next common bacteria, which were composed of 5 non - fermentative Gram negative rods, and 1 Enterobacter cloacae. Most strains of S. viridans group and E. faecium were susceptible to antibiotics including penicillin. But strains of Staphylococcus spp. and non - fermentative Gram negative rods showed marked resistance to antibiotics except tetrancyclin and cefotaxime. Most results between disk diffusion and microdilution were all agreed, but the results of non - fermentative Gram negative rods were susceptible to cefotaxime in disk diffusion method but resistant in microdilution.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2000

The most proper antibiotic must be selected after antimicrobial susceptibility test. If difference in antimicrobial susceptibility was significant between oral sampling sites, it is rationale to use the most susceptible antibiotic agent respond to dental procedure and object of treatment. This study examined sampling site variation from saliva, supragingival plaque and subgingival plaque of 16 children's oral microbes. The cultured bacterial isolates, which were Streptococcus viridans and Neisseria, were examined for 10 antimicribial drugs with the Bauer-Kirby agar disk diffusion method. The used drugs were Penicillin, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Cephalothin, Imipenem, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin. There was no significant difference between three sampling sites for antimicrobial susceptibility test of S. viridans and Neisseria and the sequence of susceptibility was agreed among them. In conclusion, it was suggested that antimicrobial susceptibility test from saliva, supragingival plaque and subgingival plaque of children have no significant sampling site variation.