• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.311-316
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• 2019

Purpose: Generally, patients with stroke present with decreased balance and increased spasticity following weakness of the paralyzed muscles. Muscle weakness caused by stroke has two causes. This is caused by a decrease in motor output and an adaptive muscle change, resulting in muscle weakness and muscle paralysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strengthening exercise on balance and spasticity in chronic stroke patients and to suggest the basis of clinical treatment. Methods: Twenty subjects were divided into two groups: a lower-extremity strengthening group (experimental group) and a general physical therapy group (control group). The sliding stander equipment was used for the experimental group and a regimen of warm-up exercise, the main exercise routine, and cool-down exercise were used for the muscle strengthening exercise program. Balance and spasticity were measured before and after the training period. Balance ability was measured by the Berg balance scale, the Timed up and Go test and the weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles by the Spacebalance 3D. Spasticity was measured by the Biodex system. Results: After the training periods, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in BBS, weight distribution of the paralyzed muscles, and decreased spasticity when compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study supported the hypothesis that lower-extremity strengthening exercise improves the balance and decreases the spasticity of stroke patients. If it is combined with conventional neurologic physiotherapy, it would be effective rehabilitation for stroke patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2017

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy accompanied by sensory disturbance, such as limb paralysis and hemiplegia, is mainly caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). This case study aimed to determine the effect of ankle strengthening exercises that use proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the gait, balance, ankle-control ability, and sit-to-stand ability on a patient with ADEM. Methods: A 10-year-old male with quadriplegia and ankle-control impairment participated in this 4-week training intervention. The patient, diagnosed with ADEM, was treated with ankle strengthening exercises that used PNF. Results: The patient demonstrated improvements in balance, ankle-control ability, sit-to-stand ability, and gait performance. Outcome measures (manual muscle test, modified Ashworth scale, sensory assessment, coordination assessment, Berg balance scale, 5 time sit-to-stand test, and 10 m walk test) were taken before and after the training program. Conclusion: The results of this case suggest that an ankle strengthening exercise that uses PNF can improve the gait, balance, ankle-control ability, and sit-to-stand ability in patients with ADEM. In ADEM, the initial treatment is important, and the use of ankle strengthening exercises with PNF could lead to meaningful results. However, there is limited research due to an insufficient number of cases. In the future, more patients will need to be studied.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2008

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.10-17
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the consequence of resistance strengthening exercise on the hip flexor and extensor performed to improve functional mobility in stroke patients more than six months post stroke. Seventeen patients were randomized into two groups. Both groups received conventional physical therapy for six weeks. In addition, the experimental group performed eccentric resistance strengthening exercise in the hip flexor and extensor using an isokinetic dynamometer. The hip flexor and extensor strength, stair up and down mobility, timed get up and go (TUG), 10 m gait velocity, and functional reach were repeatedly measured at baseline, three weeks, and six weeks after treatment. The results were as follows: 1. The experimental group improved more remarkably in the hip flexor and extensor strength, stair up and down mobility, and the 10 m gait velocity after three weeks and six weeks of treatment (p<.05), 2. The control group improved significantly in the hip flexor and extensor strength, and 10 m gait velocity after three weeks of treatment (p<.05), 3. At each three and six week point, the experimental group made greater gains in hip flexor and extensor strength, stair up and down mobility, and 10 m gait velocity than the control group (p<.05). In conclusion, it is desirable to perform resistance strengthening exercises combined with conventional physical therapy to improve functional mobility in chronic stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of abdominal muscle strengthening exercises and back muscle stretching on the flexibility of spinal column. Methods: The subjects were consisted of healthy adults ( 28 of females, 32 males; mean aged 21.6) from 18 to 29. All subjects randomly assigned to the control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group. back muscle stretching group received back muscles stretching for 20 minutes, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group received abdominal muscle strengthening exercises for 30 minutes per day and 3 times a week during 3 week period. Spine motion analyzer (Spinal Mouse) was used to measure the flexibility of spinal column. All measurement of each subjects were measured at pre-experiment, after 10 days, and after 21 days. Results: The results of this study were summarized below 1. The sacral tilt angle of the hip joint of control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the sacral tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group, rather than the control group. 2. The thoracic vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 3. The lumbar vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 4. The spinal tilt angle of control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the spinal tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group, rather than the control group(p<0.5). 5. The length of the spinal column of control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days (p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the length of the spinal column significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group, rather than the control group(p<0.5). Conclusion: these data suggests that 3-week abdominal muscle strengthening exercises and back muscle stretching improved the flexibility of sacrum, spinal column, and also improved spinal column lengthening. Additional randomized controlled trials to more fully investigate treatment effects and factors that may mediate these effects are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.133-136
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• 2015

The outward diffusion of $Na^+$ ions in iron-bearing soda lime silicate glass via oxidation heat treatment before the ion exchange process is artificially induced in order to increase the amount of ions exchanged during the ion exchange process. The effect of the addition process is analyzed through measuring the bending strength, the weight change, and the inter-diffusion coefficient after the ion exchange process. The glass strength is increased when the outward diffusion of $Na^+$ ions via oxidation heat treatment before the ion exchange process is added. For the glass subjected to the additional process, the weight change and diffusion depth increase compared with the glass not subjected to the process. The interdiffusion coefficient is also slightly increased as a result of the additional process.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.69-81
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of early muscle strengthening exercise on pain, shoulder function and sleep quality for rotator cuff tear patients. Method : The subjects of this study, partial tear of the rotator cuff diagnosed patients, four patients were picked up, who were agreed with this research. This experiment is comprised two experimental groups, with two control groups. The experimental groups recieved early muscle strengthening exercise for 6 weeks, which consisted of 4 times per week, 40 min of supervised exercise program. The control groups received a general movement treatment of 6 weeks which consisted of 4 times per week, 40 min, Pain, shoulder function and sleep quality measured by VAS, PPT and ROM, CMS, SST and PSQI. Result : In comparison of VAS, PPT and CMS, SST and PSQI was the experimental group showed a more improved. Conclusion : Therefore, early muscle strengthening exercise is useful to improve the pain, shoulder function and sleep quality for rotator cuff tear patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2011

Purpose: Trunk muscle weakness in the children with cerebral palsy can lead to postural and alignment problems, breathing difficulties, and so on. Therefore, children with cerebral palsy can benefit from exercises that strengthen the muscles in their trunks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trunk muscle strengthening exercise on functional gross movement and balance ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Methods: We used single group repeated measure design in 8 children(four males, four females; aged 6~12 years; mean 8.3 years) with diplegia. The functional gross motor outcome measured by using the GMFM and balance ability of all children was measured by pediatric balance scale. All participants were alternately received trunk strengthening exercise and neurodevelopment treatment for 40 minutes twice per week during 8 weeks. Results: Significant and clinical meaningful improvement in functional gross motor and balance ability were shown. Conclusion: The results indicate that trunk strengthening exercise has a positive effect on both functional gross motor and balance ability in children with spastic diaplegic cerebral palsy.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.88-97
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• 1996

The pupose of this study is to improve the mechanical properies and to evaluate the residual stresses of flame-sprayed Alumina ceramic coating layer. The first work in this study is to investigate the effects of strengthening heat treatments on the mechanical properties of coating layer. Strengthening heat treatments for sprayed specimens were carried out in vaccum furnace. The mechanical properties such as microhardness, thermal shock resistance, adhesive strength and erosion resistance were tested for the sprayed specimens after strengthening heat treatments. And it was clear that the mechanical properties of coating layer were much improved by strengthening heat treatments. The second work in this study is to evalute the residual stresses in coating lsyer by numerical analysis. FDM and FEM were used to analyze temperature distribution and residul stresses in coating layer. It was proved that are tensile stresses in coating layer and that residual stresses can be controlled by the appropriate selection of the spraying parameters such as preheat temperature, coating thickness and bond coat thickness.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.483-488
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• 2019

We studied whether chemical strengthening can heal the flaws on soda-lime silicate glass. Artificial surface cracks were introduced on the glass by sharp indentation with various loads of 0.1 to 10 N. Then, the glasses with flaws were treated by ion-exchanging in KNO₃ melt. The change in the dimension of the crack on glass was measured by a digital microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The chemical strengthening treatment enhances the strength of the glass with flaws. It is thought that the melted KNO₃ not only forms the depth of the compressed layer of 7.5 ㎛, but also heals the cracks by infiltrating them and expanding the glass on both sides of the cracks. The critical length (2c) of the cracks on soda-lime glass that can be healed by chemical strengthening is 50 ㎛ or less.