• 센서학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Recently, capsule endoscope was developed to observe small intestine in human body. However, the capsule does not have any locomotive ability, which reduces the benefit of the capsule endoscope. Many researches have done to give locomotion to the capsule, still it consumes too much power to generate the motion by small battery. One of the moving method is electrical stimulus that consumes less power than many methods. The electrical stimulus method causes contraction in the small intestine, and it moves the capsule. Some of papers showed it is possible to guide the capsule by electrical stimulus, however the relationship between electrical stimulus at the mucous and contraction force in the small intestine is not reported, yet. In this paper, the mucous in the small intestine was stimulated, and measured the contraction force in the small intestine is shown. The result shows, the relationship between electrical stimulus parameters (voltage, duration) and contraction force. Also, equation between electrical stimulus parameters and contraction force is roughly induced.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.128-132
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• 2015

Background: We described a surgical method for osteosynthesis and reported the resultant strength after application of a PHILOS plate through the anterolateral approach for the treatment of fractures of the distal humerus. Methods: Between February 2010 and March 2012, open reduction and internal fixation operations with the PHILOS plate for treatment of fracture of the distal humerus were performed on a total of nine patients (five men, four women). The mean age was 40.8 years (range, 24-50 years), and the average follow-up period was 9.1 months (range, 6-15 months). Clinical evaluations were performed 6 months after the operation. Clinical assessment included determination of the range of motion of the elbow, the Mayo and Oxford elbow scores, and any postoperative complications. Results: Fracture union was noted in all patients, with an average period of 12.4 weeks. The average Mayo elbow and Oxford elbow scores were 87.2 (of a total of 100) and 43.3 (of a total of 48), respectively. For the postoperative range of motion of the elbow, all patients showed complete recovery to the preoperative range of motion. No other conditions, such as neurolepsis, plate breakage, or rotational deformity, were observed. Conclusions: Open reduction and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures with a PHILOS plating system via anterolateral approach can be effective. A high rate of union with good outcomes can be assumed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-31
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• 2001

The twenty one individuals with total knee replacement who were admitted to Kang-Dong Hospital for comprehensive physical therapy were studied in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of an isokinetic test program using the Cybex 6000 machine. The subjects were divided into three groups with the isometric exercise group receiving isometric exercise. the isokinetic eccentric exercise group, and isokinetic eccentric exorcise group receiving isokinetic exercise(eccentric. concentric) to knee flexors and extensors muscles for a six weeks period using the Cybex 6000. The results were follow :1 . The peak torque was increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exorcise among three groups(p<.05). 2. The progress of peak torque was increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exercise among three groups(p<.05). 3. The total work was more increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exercise among three groups(p<.05). 4. The progress of total work was more increased significantly in the flexors and extensors of the isokinetic conccentric exercise among three groups(p<;.05). 5. The ratio of endurance was not increased significantly in all three groups. 6. The extensors in the peak torque was likely to recover rapidly than the flexors. 7.The average R.O.M in the pre-exercise and post-exercise was not different significantly in all three groups. According to the above results, In the muscle strength recovery for total knee replacement patients, isokinetic concentric exercise group was significantly greater than the isokinetic eccentric and isometric exercise groups after a six weeks training.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2003

Low molecular weight copolymers of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate were prepared to develop formaldehyde free cross-linking agents. Since lower molecular weight is favorable for efficient penetration of the finishing agent into the cotton fibers in the padding process, the concentration of the initiator, chain transfer agent and the monomer ratios were varied to obtain copolymers of low molecular weights. The prepared polymers were characterized by GPC, $^1{H-NMR}$, FTIR, DSC and TGA. Copolymers of molecular weights of 2 000 to 10 000 were obtained and it was found that the most efficient method of controlling the molecular weight was by varying the monomer ratios. Poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) did not dissolve in water, but the maleic anhydride residue hydrolyzed within a few minutes to form poly(maleic acid-co-vinyl acetate) and dissolved in water. However, the maleic acid units undergo dehydration to form anhydride groups on heating above ${160}^{\circ}C$ to some extent even in the absence of catalysts. The possibility of using the copolymers as durable press finishing agent for cotton fabric was investigated. Lower molecular weight poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) copolymers were more efficient in introducing crease resistance, which appears to be due to the more efficient penetration of the cross-linking agent into cotton fabrics. The wrinkle recovery angles of cotton fabrics treated with poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) copolymers were slightly lower than those treated with DMDHEU and were higher when higher curing temperatures or higher concentrations of copolymer were used, and when catalyst, $NaH_2$$PO_2$, was added. The strength retention of the poly(maleic anhydride-co-vinyl acetate) treated cotton fabrics was excellent.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.69-74
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• 1994

Durable softening water repellents for nylon fiber were synthesized, using two compounds: quaternized octadecyl methacrylate-2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer as a mother resin of water repellent and quaternized fatty carbamide for improving softness and hydrostatic pressure, of which syntheses were studied in the previous papers. They were blended with waxes and emulsifiers in a variety of ratios and synthesized into water repellent PADWC, and it was nylon taffeta treated with and without textile finishing resin. The synthesized water repellents can be used either or without resin. The optimum curing temperature was 150 to 160$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum concentration was 3 to 5wt%. In the independent and conjunct treatment, the water repellency of nylon taffeta samples have no remarkable changes between initial value and that after three times washing, so these prove that the synthesized compounds are durable water repellent. The water repellency of PADWC-3 and -4 were around 90. Also, comparison of crease recovery and tear strength after repelling treatment showed that the synthesized water repellents have a very high softening effect.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권sup1호
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• pp.161-164
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• 2016

Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome and acute transverse myelitis manifest as demyelinating diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system. Concurrency of these two disorders is rarely documented in literature. A 4-year-old girl presenting with cough, fever, and an impaired walking ability was admitted to hospital. She had no previous complaints in her medical history. A physical examination revealed lack of muscle strength of the lower extremities and deep tendon reflexes. MRI could not be carried out due to technical problems; therefore, both Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome and acute transverse myelitis were considered for the diagnosis. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment was started as first line therapy. Because this treatment did not relieve the patient's symptoms, spinal MRI was carried out on the fourth day of admission and demyelinating areas were identified. Based on the new findings, the patient was diagnosed with acute transverse myelitis, and high dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy was started. Electromyography findings were consistent with acute polyneuropathy affecting both motor and sensory fibers. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with concurrency of Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome and acute transverse myelitis. Interestingly, while concurrency of these 2 disorders is rare, this association has been demonstrated in various recent publications. Progress in diagnostic tests (magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological examination studies) has enabled clinicians to establish the right diagnosis. The possibility of concurrent Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome and acute transverse myelitis should be considered if recovery takes longer than anticipated.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제11C권7호
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• pp.879-888
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• 2004

Ad Hoc 네트워크에서는 노드들의 라우팅기능을 이용하여 목적지 노드까지 패킷을 전송한다. 노드이용 등으로 다음 홉 노드에 대한 링크를 손실하면 계속적인 패킷 전송을 위해서 새경로 탐색이 요구된다. 요구 기반 라우팅 프로토콜 AODV는 노드 이동으로 인한 경로 손실시에 다음 홉 노드의 링크 손실을 이식한 노드가 경로 유지를 위해 지역 탐색을 수행하거나 발신지 노드가 새경로 탐색을 수행하여 경로를 유지한다. 이 경우 새경로 탐색이나 지역 경로 탐색은 패킷의 지연을 가져오고, QoS에 나쁜 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 다음 홉 노드에 대한 링크손실을 예측한 노드가 자신의 이웃 노드 중 적절한 다른 노드를 다음 홉 노드로 선택하여 경로 손실을 예방하고 QoS를 높이는 RPAODV 기법을 제안한다.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제9C권4호
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• pp.563-572
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• 2002

무선 이동 네트워크에서 대부분의 패킷 손실은 네트워크 체증(congestion)보다는 전송(propagation) 오류에 의해 발생된다. 이러한 전송 오류에 의한 패킷 손실을 방지하여 전송 효율을 향상하기 위해 무선 네트워크에서는 FEC(Forward Error Correction)알고리즘을 채택하고 있다. 그러나 정적인 FEC방식은 연속적으로 변화하는 무선 채널의 전송 오류율에 알맞은 정정 코드(check code)를 채택하지 못해 도리어 전송 효율이 저하되는 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해서는 채널의 상태에 따라 FEC를 동적으로 변경하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문은 무선 채널 특성의 이론적 분석과 저 출력 라디오파를 이용하는 센서(sensor) 네트워크상에서의 실험적 측정을 통해서, 적응적 FEC 기법이 무선 네트워크의 전송 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 또한 전송 에러률이 $10^{-3}$ 정도로 상당히 오류가 많은 무선 네트워크에서 적용할 수 있는 적응적 FEC 기법, FECA(FEC-level Adaption)기법을 제안한다. 마지막으로 FEC 알고리즘의 성능 비교를 위해 패킷 시뮬레이션에서 비트 레벨(bit-level) 오류를 시뮬레이션할 수 있는 통합 시뮬레이션 기법을 소개한다. 통합 시뮬레이션을 통해 FECA는 정적 FEC에 비해서 지속적으로 무선 채널 오류률에 알맞는 FEC 정정 코드를 채택하여 성능을 향상시키는 것을 확인하였다.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2017

Background: Automated nerve excitability testing is used to assess various peripheral neuropathies and motor neuron diseases. Comparing these excitability parameters with normal data provides information regarding the axonal excitability properties and ion biophysics in diseased axons. This study measured and compared normal values of axonal excitability parameters in both the distal motor and sensory axons of normal Koreans. Methods: The axonal excitability properties of 50 distal median motor axons and 30 distal median sensory axons were measured. An automated nerve excitability test was performed using the QTRACW threshold-tracking software (Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK) with the TRONDF multiple excitability recording protocol. Each parameter of stimulus-response curves, threshold electrotonus, current-voltage relationship, and recovery cycle was measured and calculated. Results: Our Korean normal data on axonal excitability showed ranges of values and characteristics similar to previous reports from other countries. We also reaffirmed that there exist characteristic differences in excitability properties between motor and sensory axons: compared to motor axons, sensory axons showed an increased strength-duration time constant, more prominent changes in threshold to hyperpolarizing threshold electrotonus (TE) and less prominent changes in threshold to depolarizing TE, and more prominent refractoriness and less prominent subexcitability and superexcitability. Conclusions: We report normal data on axonal excitability in Koreans. These data can be used to compare various pathological conditions in peripheral nerve axons such as peripheral neuropathies and motor neuron disease.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.70-78
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• 1988

To separate and utilize the main components of hardwood (Quercus mongolica) by organosov pulping (ester pulping), chips were cooked at various conditions such as; the solvent ratio (acetic acid: ethylacetate: water, 50:25:25; 33:33:34; 25:50:25), maximum temperature (165, 170, $175^{\circ}C$), and cooking times (2, 2.5, 3 hr). The pulps were bleached by the sequences of CEDED, C/DEDED, PEDED. Lignin, sugars, and acetic acid were separated from black liquor and washing liquors. 1. The selective delignification at optimal pulp yield (43-45%) was obtained by cooking at acetic acid: ethylace tate: water ratio of 33:34:34 for 3 hr at $170^{\circ}C$. But in this case, kappa no. of the pulp was not reduced under 60 points. 2. Kappa no. of the pulp could be dropped by an acetone wash to remove reprecipitated lignin a t cooked pulp. 3. The unbleached pulps had a brightness of 45-50%, whereas the bleached pulps gave at 88-93% brightness. Tensile, burst, and tear strengths of the bleached pulps were lower than those of kraft pulp, especially in tear strength. The pulps which were bleached with CEDED sequence were higher in strengths than another bleaching sequences. 4. Lignin of 90-95%(lignin base on wood)was separated from black liquor and washing liquors, while the purified sugars and recovery of acetic acid were a low. An organic phase composed of acetic acid, ethylacetate, and water was separated to a two-phase system by proper adjustment of the solvent ratios.