• Korean Security Journal
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• no.53
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• pp.283-303
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• 2017

This study which was started to identify the factors that change the security level of military organizations, analyzed the data collected from articles written by the active officers in the Defense Daily Journal hoping to improve the military security level by the qualitative research method called Grounded Theory, and establish causal relationship how organizational members respond to insider security threats. As a result of the analysis, the causal condition is 'the security threat of the insider', the contextual condition is 'the specificity of the military organization', the central phenomenon is 'the conflict of values as a soldier', the arbitrary condition is 'the security consciousness', Strategy is 'the responds to security threats', and the result was 'security level change'. The core categories can be presented as 'the degree of conflict of values on insider security threats' and two hypotheses have been derived. First, the members of the military organization strongly felt the conflict of values about security threat as the tendency to emphasize security was strong, and they helped to develop the security level of organization by responding strongly. Second, the stronger the tendency to focus on colleagues, respond weakly to security threats. And it undermines the security level of the organization. Finally, in order to improve the security level of the organization, it is necessary to establish a solid security consciousness and to make institutional development to support it.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.89-211
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• 1993

The Korean government embarked upon ambitious economic development plans in the 1960's the goals of development policy at that time were the elimination of absolute poverty and the alleviation of unemployment. With scant natural resources, the government had to push for industrialization based upon borrowed foreign raw materials with surplus local labor. Preoccupation with the economic goals of industrialization and export expansion left little room for considering environmental protection. It is evident that Korea's exported industrialization strategy of the past three decades has been a success in terms of income, production, and other macroeconomic indicators, but it cannot be denied that a host of undesirable side-effects have been created. These include environmental problems. congestion in several large cities, poor wealth distribution, and regional disparities. The environmental problems were recognized even in the early stage of development, but preoccupation with the pending economic goals of industrialization and export expansion left little room for considering environment protection. The perceived and actual seriousness of the problems, however, has reached such a level that further negligence may imperil political stability and developmental problems facing the world arise from a world economic order characterized by ever expanding consumption and production, which exhausts and contaminates natural resources and creates and perpetuates gross inequalities between and within nations. It will be necessary to develop new culture and ethical values, transform economic structures, and reorient, our lifestyles. Changing lifestyles can not be promoted by government policy initiative alone but through self=generated educational efforts and mutual training by people themselves. The citizens group for environment (NGOs) should assume these educational and training responsibilities starting from grass-root level of people. It must be reawakened to the reality that the environmental preservation for better quality of life is based on the development of human relationships, creativity, spirituality, reverance for the natural world and celebration of life, and is not dependent upon increased consumption of non-basic material goods. To carry on such environment education social movements and NGOs should (1) provides educational methodologies, which focus on values clarification and moving beyond clarification and moving beyond blame to constructive action. (2) provide training for leaders of business and industry, government, union and others on consumption and production. (3) initiate and support the training and work of environmental counselor who encourage responsible consumption. (4) cooperative with media to initiate and strengthen educational programs on the social environmental programs on the social environmental impacts of consumption and production and to build awareness of consumer responsibility and potential. Economic and social development can be compatible with environment protection : both can be achieved simultaneously. Effective environmental management depends on the various factors : political will, institutional arrangements, appropriate legislation, and availability of the requistite financial and technological resources, which is possible with a strong public awareness of the importance of environmental preservation.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.264-274
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• 2020

This study aims to clarify the diversity and distribution characteristics of plant communities in four small mountain wetlands located in the high altitude area of Cheonchuk Mountain within the Wangpicheon Basin Ecological Landscape Conservation Area in Seomyeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. A total of 26 vegetation data were collected according to the Z.-M. school's phytosociological vegetation survey method considering the homogeneity of habitat type and species composition. Four physiognomic vegetation types composed of 9 syntaxa was confirmed through vegetation classification according to dominant correlation and vegetation type classification considering species composition. The Iris ensata var. spontanea-Molinia arundinacea community is a dominant plant community representing the research area. After human use, vegetation is developing through natural transition in a homogeneous location left unattended, but the distribution of other plant communities was rarely observed due to the narrow wetland area. The microtopography and hydrological environment of each wetland were identified as key factors affecting the diversity and distribution of vegetation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.366-377
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• 2010

As internet and mobile technology brings rapid transformation to this society of information, how relations are conducted between customers have become a critical factor influencing companies. Companies are creating Internet communities based on their brands, encouraging customers to actively form and develop brand communities. Thus, this report proposes a plan to analyze the effectiveness of community activities based on the customers active involvement and how to effectively manage and utilize it. The purpose of this research is to understand the effects on-line brand communities and their characters have on customer behavior. Also, it will study the effects community attitudes have on brand decisions and oral transmission communication when on-line brand communities choose a brand. This report was conducted to survey on-line university students to understand how communities' attitude affects the decision of on-line university brand and oral transmissions when students choose to study at a on-line university. According to research, those factors brought positive responses to character of the brand communities(confidentiality of information, interactivity, convenience, intimacy) and by doing so, on the customer's attitude side, positive results on intention of purchase and oral transmissions can be expected. In addition, the character of the brand communities affects intention of purchase and oral transmission communication. Based on this research, it is possible to propose a marketing strategy that revitalizes brand communities' activities.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.659-688
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• 2010

Climate change induced by global warming has recently begun to inspire developed nations to introduce a new paradigm, called the sustainable (Green) growth, which entails both the prevention of environmental pollution and the attainment of sustainable growth. The sustainable (Green) growth is founded upon environmental factors that drive a new force of economic progress without deteriorating nature. Thus, the conservation of the environment under the new growth paradigm can be compatible with economic growth, although this was not feasible under conventional economic relations, called the Environmental Kutzets Curve. Sustainable (Green) finance is essential to achieving Green growth efficiently and effectively. Since the financial system for Green growth is at the early stage of implementation, the application of strategies for sustainable (Green) finance should be preceded by proper initiation and protection from the government. In order to establish a feasible strategy for financing green growth, we suggest an effective financial supporting system, taking different operational forms upon the broader stage of technological progress in each individual company.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.73-84
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• 2015

Purpose - Various social issues have arisen since the beginning of the 21st century therefore, enterprises that disregarded social issues have become unsustainable, and social enterprises have appeared to address these issues. A social enterprise is a social mission-focused organization that uses a market-based strategy and has a vulnerable business structure. To be self-sustainable, a social enterprise should make consumers aware of the value that it provides and secure its profitability through consumer consumption. From this perspective, this study investigates the relationship between perceived value (utilitarian and hedonic) and loyalty, and examines how memory and attitudes play mediating roles between perceived value and loyalty. For these purposes, the author developed a structural model consisting of several variables. In this model, perceived value, which was utilitarian and hedonic, was proposed to affect the memory and attitudes toward social enterprise products, thus increasing loyalty. Therefore, memory and attitudes were proposed as core mediating variables between perceived value and loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, data were collected from 582 respondents and analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. To test unidimensionality and the nomological validity of the measures of each construct, we employed a scale refinement procedure. The results of the reliability test with Cronbach's α and confirmatory factor analysis warranted the unidimensionality of the measures for each construct. In addition, the nomological validity of the measures was warranted from the results of the correlation analysis. The result of the overall model analysis demonstrated a good fit (χ²=529.881, df=144, χ²/df=3.680, p-value=0.000, GFI=0.905, NFI=0.948, CFI=0.961, RMR=0.036, RMSEA=0.068). Results - The findings are summarized as follows. First, the hedonic and utilitarian value of social enterprise products had positive effects on memory and attitudes. Second, the hedonic value of social enterprise products more strongly affects memory and attitudes than utilitarian value. Third, memory and attitudes had positive effects on loyalty. Lastly, memory had a stronger effect on loyalty than attitudes. Conclusions - The purchase rate of social enterprises' products increases only if the products are included in the "information search" and "alternative evaluation" processes in consumers' purchase decision-making processes. Therefore, a social enterprise must actively promote the fact that it pursues a social value, and shares both the hedonic and utilitarian values of its products. Accordingly, because hedonic value has a more significant impact on a company and attitudes, a social enterprise should develop hedonic values for product consumption, thereby leading consumers who care about value consumption to purchase its products. Moreover, a social enterprise must maintain good memories and attitudes for consumers because memory does not change over time, although attitude does. The limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are as follows. This study viewed "consumer loyalty" as the success factor of social enterprises, thereby considers an "increase in sales" as the success factor. Therefore, in future studies, diverse factors, including social contribution and word-of-mouth intention, should be regarded. In addition, future studies need to thoroughly review and make assurances about the relationship between memory and attitude.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

Purpose - The competitiveness of logistics in the 21st century rests on ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of its local hub. While considering entry into a niche market in local logistics, it is pertinent to note that Budapest is emerging as a hub in EU enlargement in Eastern Europe. Big, small, and medium-sized businesses in Korea entered Hungary in the early 1990s since then, there has been a significant increase in Korean presence, of approximately 130 times. This study aimed to identify the key distribution issues that have emerged in relation to Eastern Europe. Research design, data, and methodology - This study indicates that 33 major Korean companies were located in Hungary, which serves as an out post to enter the European marketplace. However, Korea's exports to Hungary have declined (-32.0% in 2012) because of a loss of competitiveness against multinational corporations, due to factors such as the rise in current local distribution costs and wages. Hungary, on the other hand, through diversification and expansion of foreign trade with the non-EU markets, including Korea, is increasing its exports. Strategies of emerging countries are compared and reviewed in this study, by examining the vicissitudes of Hungary's distribution methods. Results - There are issues regarding Hungary's innovative ability. Hungary has a history of low wages and high skilled labor. However, the outflow of high-quality human resources for high-wages has become more extensive, and this underlines concerns that the CEE's trade hub is moving to neighboring countries. After the European financial crisis in 2010, the Hungarian economy is now developing, because of the IMF's measures, and it is being transformed into a trade surplus nation, while regaining distribution volumes rapidly. However, if there is continued lack of investment, the supply chain is weakened and exports decline amidst competition with TNCs or with China's distribution networks. Conclusions - It is necessary to create a new logistics approach for increasing trade between Korea and Hungary. First, Korean small and medium enterprises (SMEs) should build trust by working with advanced Hungarian talent, and they should expand into state-of-the-art fields instead of being confined to traditional sectors. Second, this study focuses on limiting and lowering their high expectations for success according to foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and the role in the CEE distribution hub Korea should try to strengthen the distribution hub with its centralized population, using better, more highly educated human resources, thereby sustaining more innovative ability. Further, the positive effects of these measures are manifested in enhanced business on both sides of Hungary, namely, the EU and non-EU nations such as Turkey and emerging markets around Europe, and a better engagement in the core placement of culture and industry. For this, Korea can contribute to, and benefit from, a Hungarian logistics center, for adopting the high-tech cluster systems and commercializing distribution technology such as RFID·USN.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.215-231
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine what factors affected patients who suffered from essential hypertension compliance with health behaviors, to help build a successful strategy to step up their compliance with health behaviors, and to seek effective ways to implement health education programs for patients with chronic disease. The subjects in this study were 60 people selected from among the patients who were diagnosed by physicians as having essential hypertension in S General Hospital in the city of P from April 10 through July 30, 2000, after health education was provided four times a month. The quasi- experimental design based on a control group pretest-posttest design was employed. The subjects were divided into three groups of 20 patients each： one was an experimental group to receive education in one-to-one interview, another was an experimental group to receive education as a group, and the third was a control group. The two experimental groups learned the same material through different methods, and the control group was given the same teaching materials and asked to comply with health behaviors on their own without instruction. After the three-week education was implemented in different ways, their compliance with health behaviors was measured. Collected data was analyzed by t-test, paired test, one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis and regression analysis procedures. The findings of this study were as follows： 1. Concerning the effective type of health education, the group education produced the best results, followed by the one-to-one interviews and the sole use of print media. 2. Regarding the effect of compliance with health behaviors, the group- educated group got the highest score in compliance with health behaviors, but blood pressure lowered more significantly in the individual interview group. And the compliance with health behaviors had a significant negative correlational relationship with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. 3. Parameter that had most significant correlational relationship with compliance with health behaviors was health locus of control, followed by self-efficacy and health perception. But there was no significant correlational relationship between compliance with health behaviors and knowledge of hypertension. 4. As a result of analyzing the impact of knowledge of hypertension, health locus of control, self-efficacy and health perception on compliance with health behaviors, self-efficacy was found to exercise most influence. Above-mentioned findings suggested that group education or one- to-one discussion would be more effective for health care for hypertension in koreans, as they could serve to have patients realize their own responsibility for health and to motivate their compliance with health behaviors, and there was a need to more positively utilize educational intervention for patients with chronic diseases, which could elevate not only compliance with health behaviors but self-efficacy.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.231-259
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• 2006

Performance-based budgeting(hereafter PB2) is supposed to improve efficiency and effectiveness of public organizations. Governmental PB2 is based on output flow rather than input flow. Since 1990s, many OECD nations including New Zealand and the United States have been changing their budget system to PB2. The Korean Government has been using input-based budgeting focusing on the size of expenditures. In 1999, The Ministry of Planning and Budget(hereafter MPB) conducted pilot projects for divisions or agencies of governmental departments for the purpose of improving efficiency in expenditure, rationalizing budget allotments, and inducing budget savings. However, performance budgeting may also have problems in terms of measurement and application. Due to the fact that public goals are abstract and may vary, it is difficult to induce performance indicators from public goals. There also seem not to be any performance indicators which correspond with the conditions of desirable indicators, such as validity, reliability, clarity, practicality, controllability and so on. In terms of applying an original budgeting plan, the difficulty of linking performance and budgeting, the appearance of unintended negative effect and externalities, and the repulsion of subordinated agencies are expected. Now days, local government is going to introduce PB2. Same problem may happen in the local government. And Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to introduce PB2 onlocal government and review a alternative strategy with the purpose of smoothly settling performance budgeting on local government. That is the linkage of Balanced Scorecard(BSC) and PB2.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.5D
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• pp.493-498
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• 2012

Korean construction companies have maintained stable market share based on high technology and cost competitiveness although international construction market has been stalled due to increasing global economy uncertainties. However, Korean construction companies have relied heavily on the general types of projects in Middle East and Asia although the portion of different types of projects such as Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO), Build-Transfer-Lease (BTL), and Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) has been increasing in the market. When delivering huge projects requiring contractors deal with activities from project planning to operation, securing finance sources and profitability is deemed critical. Therefore, Korean construction companies need more attentions on the construction market supported by Multilateral Development Banks. However, Korean construction companies have not utilized effective strategies for the market entry and also government supportive policies are not useful enough to help construction companies. This study aims both to analyze the contract structure of Korean construction companies for presenting critical factors that need to be prepared and to suggest various methods that can be applied to support construction companies that have much interest in the Multilateral Development Banks. According to the results of study, it is important that Korean government provide structural information system, make a specialized organization, prevent over-heating among Korean construction companies, and collaborate with Official Development Agency. In addition, it appeared that the fairness and financial stability of project have recognized main advantages of the Multilateral Development Banks.