• 한국재료학회지
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• 제5권7호
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• pp.858-868
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• 1995

다른 탄소함량을 갖는 두 Hadfield 강에서 압연에 따른 결정방위조직(Texture)과 마르텐사이트 상변태를 연구하였다(0.65wt.%, 1.35wt.%) 두 Hadfield 강의 적층결함에너지 차이가 매우 적음에도 불구하고 (약 2mJm$^{-2}$ ) 결정방위조직은 차이를 보였다. 0.65wt.% 탄소 강의 경우, 낮은 변형구간에서는 낮은 적층에너지 금속과 비슷한 결정방위조직을 보였으나 높은 변형에서는 {111}, {110}<001>과 같은 이상 결정방위조직이 나타났고, 이것은 입계 또는 일단의 전단띠에(shear bands) 형성된 $\alpha$ 마르텐사이트의 방해에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 이와는 대조적으로 1.35wt.% Hadfield강은 전변형구간에서 낮은 적층결함에너지를 갖는 금속과 비슷한 결정방위조직을 보이고 있다. 이것은 변형중에 유도된 마르텐사이트의 양이 적게 형성되는 사실에 기인하며, 변형에 따른 $\alpha$ 마르텐사이트 변태는 교류자화율과 금속입자 시험으로 알 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.339-352
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• 2006

Observing the unique stress-strain curves of the superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) in tension and compression, the primary intention of this study is to investigate the behavior of the shafts made of the same material, under torsional loading-unloading cycles for large angle of twist. Experiments have been performed for the superelastic SMA shafts with different unsupported lengths and angles of twist and the results are compared with those of stainless steel (SUS304) shafts under similar test conditions. As expected for the superelastic SMA, the residual strains are small enough after each cycle and consequently, the hysteresis under loading-reverse loading is much narrower than that for the SUS304. For large angle of twists, the torsional strength of the superelastic SMA increases nonlinearly and exceeds that of SUS304. Most interestingly, the slender solid superelastic SMA shafts are found to buckle when acted upon torsion for large angle of twist.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.28-33
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• 2014

Recently, the actuator worked by the driving recovery-force of the thermo elastic martensitic transformation of shape memory alloys(SMA) has been studied. This paper presents a study on the fatigue life of shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators undergoing thermally induced martensitic phase transformation under various stress levels. shape memory recoverable stress and strain of Ti-44.5at.%Ni-8at.%Cu alloys were by means of constant temperature tensile tests. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed in order to investigate the transformation characteristics of the alloy before the tests. the results were summarized as follows. The martensite inducing stress incerased with the increasing of the Cu-contents. The fatigue life decreased with the increasing of the test load and the Cu-content. The data acquired will be very useful during the design process of an SMA NiTiCu element as a functional part of an actuator.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.263-268
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• 2010

This investigation was focused on the low temperature tensile properties, phase change, changes in nitrogen content and corrosion resistance in the 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo duplex stainless steel after high temperature gas nitriding and solution annealing (HTGN-SA). From the HTGN-SA treatment, the duplex (ferrite + austenite) phase changed into austenite single phase. The nitrogen content of austenite single-phase steel showed a value of ~0.54%. For the HTGN-SA treated austenitic steel, tensile strength increased with lowering test temperature, on the other hand elongation showed the maximum value of 28.2% at $-100^{\circ}C$. The strain-induced martensitic transformation gave rise to lead the maximum elongation. After HTGN-SA treatment, corrosion resistance of the austenite single-phase steel increased remarkably compared with HTGN- treated steel.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2011

The mechanical properties of the most widely used cryogenic materials, i.e. austenitic stainless steel (ASS), aluminum alloy and invar steel, strongly depend on temperatures and strain rates. These phenomena show very complicated non-linear behaviors and cannot be expressed by general constitutive equation. In this study, an unified constitutive equation was proposed to represent the effect of temperature and strain rate on the materials. The proposed constitutive equation has been based on Tomita/Iwamoto and Bodner/Partom model for the expression of 2nd hardening due to martensite phase transformation of ASS. To simulate ductile fracture, modified Bodner/Chan damage model was additionally applied to the model and the model validity was verified by comparison of experimental and simulation results.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.307-313
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• 2008

The tensile deformation and shape recovery behaviors were studied in Ni-Ti shape memory wires showing different transformation characteristics by annealing at $200{\sim}600^{\circ}C$. Both R phase ${\rightarrow}$ B19' martensitic transformation at lower temperature and B2 ${\rightarrow}$ R phase transformation at higher temperature occurred in the shape memory wires annealed at $200{\sim}500^{\circ}C$. Transformation temperature and heat flow of B19' martensite increase but those of R phase main almost constant even with increasing annealing temperature. In the case of wires annealed and then cooled to $20^{\circ}C$, plateau on stress-strain curves in tensile testing can be observed due to the collapse of R phase variants and the formation of deformation-induced B19' martensite. In the case of wires annealed and then cooled to $-196^{\circ}C$, however, plateau on stress-strain curves does not appear and stress increases steadily with increasing tensile deformation. Comparing shape recovery rate with cooling temperature after annealing, shape recovery rate of the wire cooled to $20^{\circ}C$ is higher than that of the wire cooled to $-196^{\circ}C$ after annealing, and maximum shape recovery rate of 95% appears in the wire annealed at $400^{\circ}C$ and then cooled to $20^{\circ}C$. $R_s$ and $R_f$ temperatures measured during shape recovery tests are higher than $A_s$ and $A_f$ temperatures measured by DSC tests even at the same annealing temperature.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.710-717
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• 2000

Tensile and fracture toughness tests of the cold-rolled STS 304 steel plate for membrane material of LNG storage tank were performed at wide range of temperatures, 11 IK(boiling point of LNG), 153K , 193K and 293K(room temperature). Tensile strength significantly increases with a decrease in temperature, but the yield strength is relatively insensitive to temperature. Elongation at 193K abruptly decreases by 50% of that at 293K, and then decreases slightly in the temperature range of 193K to 111K. Strain hardening exponents at low temperatures are about four times as high as that at 293K. Elastic-plastic fracture toughness($J_c$) and tearing modulus($T_{mat}$) tend to decrease with a decrease in temperature. The $J_c$ values are inversely related to effective yield strength in the temperature range of 111K to 293K. These phenomena result from a significant increase in the amount of transformed martensite in low temperature regions.

• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2020

This study presents cyclic stress-strain and tensile test results at room temperature (RT) and 316℃ using cold-worked TP304 stainless steel base and weld metals. By comparing the cyclic hardening/softening behavior and failure cycle of cold-worked materials with those of irradiated austenitic stainless steels, the feasibility of simulating the irradiation effect on cyclic deformation and failure behaviors of TP304 stainless steel base and weld metals was investigated. It was found that, in the absence of strain-induced martensite trasformation, cold-working could properly simulate the change in cyclic hardening/softening behavior of TP304 stainless steel base and weld metals due to neutron irradiation. It was also recognized that cold-working could adequately simulate the reduction in failure cycles of TP304 stainless steel base and weld metals due to neutron irradition in the low-cycle fatigue region.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.35.1-35.1
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• 2009

오스테나이트계 Fe-10Cr-10Ni-xC(x=0.2, 0.5, 0.6and 0.7wt.%)합금에서 변형유기마르텐사이트상변태가 Sliding 마모저항성에 미치는영향을 탄소 및 온도에 따라 조사하였다. 변형유기마르텐사이트상변태가 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 석출물적고 grain의 크기가 비슷한 합금내에서 조사하였다. 변형유기마르텐사이트상변태가 일어나는데 필요한 에너지를 변형률-응력 곡선을 통해 구할 수 있으며, 이를 임계변형에너지라 규명했다. 그 결과, 상온에서 Carbon 함량에 따라 변형유기마르텐사이트상변태가 일어나는데 필요한 임계변형에너지는 증가하였으며, Sliding 마모저항성은 저하되었다. 이는 carbon이 오스테나이트 안정화원소(austenite stabilityelement)이므로 carbon 함량이 증가할수록 변형유기마르텐사이트상변태가 유발하기위해서는 많은 에너지가 필요하기 때문에 low C에 비해 high C의 마모저항성이 저하된 것으로 사료된다. 또한 변형유기마르텐사이트상변태가 고온 Sliding 마모저항성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 Fe-Cr-Ni-xC(x=0.2, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7wt.%)합금을 온도별(25, 100, $300^{\circ}C$)로 조사하였다.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.42-47
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• 2013

The strain-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite is responsible for the high strength and ductility of TRIP steels. However high strength steels are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogen on the behavior of hydrogen delayed fracture in TRIP steel with hydrogen charging conditions. The electrochemical hydrogen charging was conducted at each specimen with varying current density and charging time. The relationship between hydrogen concentration and mechanical properties of TRIP steel was established by SP test and SEM fractography. The maximum loads and displacements of the TRIP steel in SP test decreased with increasing hydrogen charging time. The results of SEM fractography investigation revealed typical brittle mode of failure. Thus it was concluded that hydrogen delayed fracture in TRIP steel result from the diffusion of hydrogen through the ${\alpha}$' phase.