• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.377-392
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• 2001

The response of multi-story building structures to lateral loads, mainly due to earthquake and wind, is investigated for preliminary design purposes. Emphasis is placed on structural systems consisting of rigid and braced steel frames. An attempt to gain a qualitative understanding of the influence of bending and shear stiffness distribution on the deformations of such structures is made. This is achieved by modeling the structure with a stiffness equivalent Timoshenko beam. It is observed that the conventional stiffness distribution, dictated by strength constraints, may not be the best to satisfy deflection criteria. This is particularly the case for slender structural systems with prevailing bending deformations, such as flexible braced frames. This suggests that a new approach to the design of such frames may be appropriate when serviceability governs. A pertinent strategy for preliminary design purposes is proposed.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1051-1083
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• 2011

One of the significant element of industrialization is the marketing mixed by advertisement. This paper concerns itself with two key methodological issues that have arisen during the marketing communication research. First, it examines BTL media, appeal type and executive type for interpersonal communication. The second part of the paper argues that story have an effect on making relationship between a consumer and a producer as storytelling producer's history, story of experiences of user, episode and so on. In this paper we developed contents of advertising for pine nut in Hong Cheon using the storytelling marketing communication strategy.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2016

This study examined pre-service teachers' pedagogical content knowledge of fraction division in a context where they were asked to write a story problem for a symbolic expression illustrating a whole number divided by a proper fraction. Problem-posing is an important instructional strategy with the potential to create meaningful contexts for learning mathematical concepts, especially when real-world applications are intended. In this study, story problems written by 135 elementary pre-service teachers were analyzed with respect to mathematical correctness. error types, and division models. Patterns and tendencies in elementary pre-service teachers' knowledge of fraction division were identified. Implicaitons for teaching and teacher education are discussed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.185-201
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• 2022

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is used to provide reliable information about the structure's integrity in near realtime following extreme incidents such as earthquakes, considering the inevitable aging and degradation that occurs in operating environments. This paper experimentally investigates an integrated wireless sensor network (Wi-SN) based monitoring technique for damage detection in concrete structures. An effective SHM technique can be used to detect potential structural damage based on post-earthquake data. Two novel methods are proposed for damage detection in reinforced concrete (RC) building structures including: (i) Jerk Energy Method (JEM), which is based on time-domain analysis, and (ii) Modal Contributing Parameter (MCP), which is based on frequency-domain analysis. Wireless accelerometer sensors are installed at each story level to monitor the dynamic responses from the building structure. Prior knowledge of the initial state (immediately after construction) of the structure is not required in these methods. Proposed methods only use responses recorded during ambient vibration state (i.e., operational state) to estimate the damage index. Herein, the experimental studies serve as an illustration of the procedures. In particular, (i) a 3-story shear-type steel frame model is analyzed for several damage scenarios and (ii) 2-story RC scaled down (at 1/6th) building models, simulated and verified under experimental tests on a shaking table. As a result, in addition to the usual benefits like system adaptability, and cost-effectiveness, the proposed sensing system does not require a cluster of sensors. The spatial information in the real-time recorded data is used in global damage identification stage of SHM. Whereas in next stage of SHM, the damage is detected at the story level. Experimental results also show the efficiency and superior performance of the proposed measuring techniques.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.507-533
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• 2009

This paper examines the time course and processing patterns of filler-gap dependencies in Korean relative clauses, using an eyetracking method. Participants listened to a short story while viewing four pictures of entities mentioned in the story. Each story is followed by an auditorily presented question involving a relative clause (subject relative or dative relative). Participants' eye movements in response to the question were recorded. Results showed that the proportion of looks to the picture corresponding to a filler noun significantly increased at the relative verb affixed with a relativizer, and was largest at the filler where the fixation duration on the filler picture significantly increased. These results suggest that online resolution of the filler-gap dependency only starts at the relative verb marked with a relativiser and is finally completed at the filler position. Accordingly, they partly support the filler-driven parsing strategy for Korean, as for head-initial languages. In addition, the different patterns of eye movements between subject relatives and dative relatives indicate the role of case markers in parsing Korean sentences.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.373-390
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• 2020

Hybrid simulation (HS) is a versatile tool for structural performance evaluation under dynamic loads. Although real structural responses are often multiple-directional owing to an eccentric mass/stiffness of the structure and/or excitations not along structural major axes, few HS in this field takes into account structural responses in multiple directions. Multi-directional loading is more challenging than uni-directional loading as there is a nonlinear transformation between actuator and specimen coordinate systems, increasing the difficulty of suppressing loading error. Moreover, redundant actuators may exist in multi-directional hybrid simulations of large-scale structures, which requires the loading strategy to contain ineffective loading of multiple actuators. To address these issues, lately a new strategy was conceived for accurate reproduction of desired displacements in bi-directional hybrid simulations (BHS), which is characterized in two features, i.e., iterative displacement command updating based on the Jacobian matrix considering nonlinear geometric relationships, and force-based control for compensating ineffective forces of redundant actuators. This paper performs performance validation and application of this new mixed loading strategy. In particular, virtual BHS considering linear and nonlinear specimen models, and the diversity of actuator properties were carried out. A validation test was implemented with a steel frame specimen. A real application of this strategy to BHS on a full-scale 2-story frame specimen was performed. Studies showed that this strategy exhibited excellent tracking performance for the measured displacements of the control point and remarkable compensation for ineffective forces of the redundant actuator. This strategy was demonstrated to be capable of accurately and effectively reproducing the desired displacements in large-scale BHS.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.487-494
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• 2004

Resizing techniques have been recognized as practical methods for drift design of high-rise building since sensitivity analysis and iterative structural analysis are not required in implementation. In the techniques, the amount of material of a memberin a building for resizing is determined in terms of cross-sectional areas and sectional inertia moments as design variables. In this study, five drift design methods are developed by considering design variable linking strategy and fomulating resizing algorithm in terms of material properties of shear walls as a design variable. The developed methods are applied to the drift design of 20-story frame-RC shear wall structure, and then evaluated in the view points of practicality and efficiency.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.45-58
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• 2017

Recent investigations have pointed out that current code provisions specifying that the stiffness of reinforced concrete elements is strength independent, and therefore can be estimated prior to any strength assignment, is incorrect. A strength allocation strategy, suitable for preliminary structural design of medium height wall-frame dual systems, is presented for allocating strength in such buildings and estimating the dependable rigidities. The design process may be implemented by either the approximate continuous approach or the stiffness matrix method. It is based on the concept of the inelastic equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system which, the last few years, has been used to implement the performance based seismic design. The aforesaid strategy may also be used to determine structural configurations of minimum rotation distortion. It is shown that when the location of the modal centre of rigidity, as described in author's recent papers, is within a close distance from the mass axis the torsional response is mitigated. The methodology is illustrated in ten story building configurations, whose torsional response is examined under the ground motion of Kobe 1995, component KJM000.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2002

This study aims to investigate John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman. This important postmodern novel is arguably the most important fiction published in England during the 1960's. John Fowles, along with Muriel Spark, Irish Mudoch and Doris Lessing is one the most influential postmodern writers. This is a study on the narrative technique, multiful endings, parody and author intrusion. The French Lieutenant's Woman is metafiction - a novel about writing a novel. The author says "This story I am telling is all imagination" in chapter 13. That is to say that John Fowles subverts traditional and even modernist poetics. His own intentional attempt to depart from traditional narrative structure is itself one of the novel's central issues. Through The French Lieutenant's Woman John Fowles shows postmodernist writers' narrative strategy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

This study is designed with an intention to understand CSR story strategies that the corporates use, focusing on analyzing the method of composition of Hyundai Motor Company's CSR website stories. When analyzing based on interactivity, ease of use, newest, and informativity, interactive dialogue feature was mostly lacking. It is not the most up-to-date data and lacks the newest. However, as sharing information feature was presented, information spread quickly. When applying Greimas' Actantial Model into the 'CSR News' that conveys the news about corporate philanthropic activities, it turned out that the CSR strategies were authenticity, consistency and flexibility. When doing CSR storytelling, a corporate should not only use pre-existing executives and staff members but should use new icons including civic organizations and the youth if possible, and perform its role as a supporter. At the same time, a corporate must build strategical storytelling to the new values and engage in systematic corporate philanthropic activities that meets the need of the time period.