• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.389-398
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships among four reproductive traits. Data for this study were 7616 records from 1910 Landrace (L) and 10,454 records from 2283 Yorkshire (Y) in a closed nucleus swine herd. Traits considered on this study were gestation length (GL), total number of piglets born (TNB), wean to first service (WFS), and number of stillborn per litter (NSB). Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated by using the Bayesian inferences via Gibbs sampling in a four trait linear-threshold repeatability animal mixed model by designating NSB as a categorical trait in the L and Y purebred populations. Effects on the statistical model were considered for parity, contemporary group as fixed and service sire, permanent environmental, animal additive genetic effects as random. Estimates of heritability were 0.21, 0.23, 0.16, and 0.09 for GL, WFS, TNB, and NSB in the L population and 0.35, 0.16, 0.14 and 0.10 for corresponding traits in the Y population, respectively. Genetic correlation for GL was -0.59 and -0.28 with TNB and -0.58 and -0.17 with NSB in the L and Y populations, respectively. The NSB was positively correlated with TNB in the L and Y populations in genetic and environmental aspects. Therefore, the NSB should be taken into account in selecting sows for improving prolificacy of dam line breeding swine stock.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2010

Data on squid catches by the Korean jig fishery in sea blocks ($30'{\times}30'$), water temperatures at depth(30m, 50m and 100m) and zooplankton biomass in the East Sea from 1980 to 1999 were analyzed to examine the mechanism of formation of the high density stock area. Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) catch in the East Sea was low in 1980s, while the catch was high in 1990s. The five sea blocks (No. 76, 82, 83, 87, 88) of the southern part in the eastern coastal waters of Korea showed high levels of percentage of total catch (35.1%), whereas the four sea blocks (No. 65, 71, 72, 78) of the coastal waters of Uleung Island showed high levels of percentage of CPUE (61.2%) for 20 years. Squid catches showed monthly fluctuations according to the vertical distribution of optimum water temperature for fishing ($14^{\circ}C{\sim}19^{\circ}C$). High total catch and high CPUE area matched well with $10^{\circ}C$ isothermal lines at 100m depth indicating northern limiting of Tsushima Warm Current, and temporal and spatial change in $10^{\circ}C$ isothermal line caused the change in total catch and CPUE. Horizontal distribution of zooplankton biomass by sea block was not matched well with those of total catch and CPUE, however pattern of time-series change in total zooplankton biomass was similar to that in total squid catch.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.239-270
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• 2017

This paper examines the relationship between ownership structure and the intensity of R&D expenditures of a firm by analyzing the panel data composed of 553 manufacturing firms in KSE(Korea Stock Exchange) and KOSDAQ listed firms for the period of 2007-2014. The major findings are as follows; (1) Regarding the relationship between CEO stockholding and R&D intensity, we find the inverted-U shape relationship in KOSDAQ firms, consistent with the theoretical discussion and empirical studies on U.S. firms. The result suggests that management stockholding reduces agency problem at the R&D margin. On the contrary, the insignificant result in KSE firms seems to be due to the scant stockholding of most 'non-owner' CEOs. (2) Regarding the relationship between the largest shareholder's portion and R&D intensity, KSE firms exhibit negatively significant relationship, suggesting the existence of serious agency problem between the largest shareholder and the minor shareholders. This agency problem seems to be alleviated in KOSDAQ firms mainly because the founders with technology expertise are still in charge of the business. (3) Foreign investors seem to fail in effectively encouraging R&D expenditures in either KSE or KOSDAQ listed firms. This study contributes to the existing literature by showing for the first time that ownership structure affects R&D activities in different ways between KSE and KOSDAQ firms.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.231-237
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• 2017

This study examines the relationship between voluntary information disclosure and the effective tax rate using Investor Relation (IR) as the proxy for the level of the firm's voluntary information disclosure, and effective corporate tax rate as the proxy for the level of tax avoidance. This study considers sample data from 1,396 firms listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) from 2011-2014. The results of this study are as follows: Investor Relation (IR) had a positive correlation with effective corporate tax rate. This result got on with the result of additional analysis using extra measurement of effective corporate tax rate. According to these results, we expect that firms featuring greater voluntary information disclosure report enhanced business performance. This study contributes understanding how Investor Relation (IR) affects tax avoidance. We hope that this study can promote the development of capital markets and provide good news to investors for firms that have greater information disclosure.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.7-17
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to empirically explore micro and macroeconomic factors affecting the Pakistani sugar industries and searching the energy potential of this industry, through the survey of literature. The empirical part has been explored by employing Vector Autoregression (VAR), Granger Causality tests and simultaneous equation models through quarterly data for the period of 1991q2-2008q4. The study also aims to devise policies for the development of sugar industries and identify its growing importance for the energy sector of Pakistan. Empirical tests applied on the domestic prices of sugar, domestic interest rates, and exchange rate, productive capacities of sugar mills, per capita income, world sugar prices on cultivable area and sugar production reveal very useful results. Results reveal an improvement of productive capacity of the sugar mills of Pakistan on account of increasing crushing capacity of this sector. Negative effect of rising wholesale prices on the harvesting area was also observed. Profit earnings of the sugar mills significantly increase with the rise of sugar prices but the system does not exist for the farming community to share the rising prices of sugar. The models indicate positive and significant effect of local prices of sugar on its volume of import. Another of the findings of this study positively relates the local sugar markets with the international prices of sugar. Additionally, the causality tests results reveal exchange rate, harvesting area and overall output of sugarcane to have significant effects on the local prices of sugar. Similarly, import of sugar, interest rate, per capita consumption of sugar, per capita national income and the international prices of sugar also significantly affect currency exchange rate of Pakistani rupee in terms of US$. The study also finds sugar as an essential and basic necessity of the Pakistani consumers. That is why there are no significant income and price effects on the per capita consumption of sugar in Pakistan. All the empirical methods reiterate the relationship of variables. Economic policy makers are recommended to improve governance and management in the production, stock taking, internal and external trading and distribution of sugar in Pakistan using bumper crop policies. Macroeconomic variables such as interest rate, exchange rate per capita income and consumption are closely connected with the production and distribution of sugar in Pakistan. The cartelized role of the sugar industries should also be examined by further studies. There is need to further explore sugar sector of Pakistan with the perspective of energy generation through this sector; cartelized sugar markets in Pakistan and many more other dimensions of this sector. Exact appraisal of sugar industries for energy generation can be done appropriately by the experts from applied sciences.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.16.1-16.10
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• 2020

This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L₅₀) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL^2.93 for females and TW = 0.018TL^2.87 for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (C_F) was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of C_F in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ²= 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

Using 1795 observations from the 5 year-359 firm panel data collected during the period from 2009 to 2013 in Chinese stock exchanges, this study examines the impact of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenditure. This empirical study finds that when firms are state-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership has a U shaped relation with the level of R & D expenses. A non-linear relation is also found when piece-wise regression models are applied. This empirical study also finds that when firms are private-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership is negatively related to the level of R & D expenses, and no structural changes in the relation are found when piece-wise regression models are applied. These results support the hypothesis that the effects of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenses may differ depending on the ownership type of the controlling shareholders. This finding suggests that the differences in the controlling shareholders' incentives due to their ownership type should be considered when exploring the relation between the controlling shareholders' ownership and corporate strategic decisions.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.9
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• pp.241-266
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• 1982

This paper gives a summary and overview of a survey conducted at the catalogues of five universities in Daegu during November 1982. The major objective of this study was to secure information about user needs in order to improve the catalogue in Korean university libraries. Data was collected by a combined method of questionnaire and interview. A total of 379 respondents were taken on a randomly selected sample of catalogue users. Results of the survey can be summarized as follows: 1. Eighty-eight percent of the students answered that they had used the library more than twice a month. Nevertheless the number of students consulting the catalogue with the same frequency was only 220, or a n.0, pproximately 58 percent. Those who used the library most tended to use the catalogue more than those who rarely came to the library. 2. Those who had been shown how to use their own catalogue were only 32.5percent of which the students found the instruction sufficient for them to be able to use the catalogue were only 37.5 percent. In particular, they stated that instructions by printed materials and/or library orientation were so poor that they didn't give much help in using the catalogue. This problem makes many libraries to review their own method of instruction in order to encourage patrons to use the catalogue more effectively. 3. Most of the students consulted the catalogue in order to locate library materials. Known-item searches and subject searches were 84 and 16 percent respectively. While 70.5 percent of the students used the author-title catalogue without any difficulties, only 35.5 percent of those stated that using the classed catalogue was easy. 4. It was surprising that the number of students using title access in the search was far greater than that of students using author access. In contrast with this, other studies conducted by many earlier overseas investigators revealed that the great majority of patrons tended to use the latter first. Therefore, we should put more emphasis on the title entries in the catalogue itself as well as cataloging rules. 5. Most useful bibliographic elements in the entry were author, title, call number, date and publisher whereas edition, series statement and the location of publisher were rarely used compared with the other elements. Content note was the most desirable element in the entry to be involved, for many catalogers were used not to describe it on the note area. 6. The chief reason given for not using the catalogue was "I can manage without it" with "It's difficult to understand contents of the card entry." The other one was "It's useless to search materials by the catalogue because I've failed so many times to obtain them out of the stock." In response to this, circulation and acquisition system should be improved not to make such complaints any more.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2010

As a modem urban train is getting complex in terms of high-technology in its systems and components, the failure management should be performed with scientific and systematic technique. FMEA is a technique to analyze the failure trends of component parts and influences to the higher level system in order to discover the design incompleteness and potential defects, which is for improving reliability. Especially, FMECA (Failure Mode Effects, and Criticality Analysis) is used in case that the criticality that has an immense influence to the system is important. In case of urban train, in its design and manufacturing steps, FMEA is frequently used as an analysis technique to meet the safety objectives and eliminate potential hazards/failures since the concepts of reliability of train is introduced these days. Though, FMEA technique in the maintenances steps lacks in its investigation and applications yet. FMEA is also not applied to the trains operated by Seoul metro in the design and manufacture steps excepts the newest trains. In this paper, through analyzing the failures/maintenance data of the belt-type door systems used in trains operated in Seoul metro Line 1, which is accumulated in RIMS (Rolling-stock Information Maintenance System), FMEA procedures to the belt-type door engines are proposed. Especially, an effort is made, to approach the detailed FMECA procedures to the door magnet valve and switch and door engine devices which vastly influences the customer safety and satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze contemporary changes of landcover patterns and landscape structure in order to provide basic data and methods for sustainable management and conservation in Baekdu Daegan region using GIS and landscape indices. According to the results based on the pattern analysis of landcover changes using the change detection matrix between 1975 and 2000, addition on $3.6km^2$ became urbanized areas. Otherwise, $85.7km^2$ of forest area shift into agriculture($72.2km^2$) and grass area($10.1km^2$) for the vegetables in highland condition and stock farm. According to the landscape structure analysis using landscape indices, forest areas were unstable forest structures because of fragmentation. Thus, to improve forest ecosystem, significant amount of forest through a new forest management policy considering local environmental conditions are needed. And, the connectivity of forests in local regions should be considered as well.