• 제목/요약/키워드: Stimulated emission

검색결과 64건 처리시간 0.018초

발광다이오드(LED)를 이용한 저서미세조류의 성장촉진에 의한 오염해역 저질환경개선 1. 저서규조류 Nitzschia sp. 성장에 영향을 미치는 광량과 파장 (Bioremediation on the Benthic Layer in Polluted Inner Bay by Promotion of Microphytobenthos Growth Using Light Emitting Diode (LED) 1. Effects of irradiance and wavelength on the growth of benthic diatom, Nitzschia sp.)

  • 오석진;박달수;양한섭;윤양호;본성범부
    • 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.93-101
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    • 2007
  • 오염된 연안 저서환경의 생물학적 정화를 목적으로 발광 다이오드(LED)를 이용하여 저서미세조류 Nitzschia sp.(일본 Hakozaki만에서 분리)의 성장에 미치는 광량과 파장의 영향을 조사하였다. Nitzschia sp.는 청색 LED(450 nm), 황색 LED(590 nm), 적색 LED(650 nm) 및 형광램프(복수파장)에서 배양하였다. 온도 $25^{\circ}C$ 그리고 염분 30 psu에서 배양한 Nitzschia sp.는 청색파장에서 $20\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ 그리고 형광램프는 $40\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$에서 최대 상대성장속도를 보였으나, 이보다 높은 광량에서는 광 저해현상이 나타났다. 하지만, 황색 파장과 적색 파장의 최대광량에서 ($350\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$) 광 저해현상은 관찰되지 않았다. 광량-성장곡선에서 청색 LED는 ${\mu}=-0.46{\exp}(1-I/6.32)+0.46-0.00043I,\;(r^2=0.98)$, 황색 LED는 ${\mu}=0.42(I+7.87)/(I+58.9),\;(r^2=0.99)$, 적색 LED는 ${\mu}=0.39(I+3.39)/(I+21.6),\;(r^2=0.94)$ 그리고 형광램프는 ${\mu}=-0.38{\exp}(1-I/7.23)+0.38-0.00016I,\;(r^2=0.96)$로 나타났다. 청색 LED, 황색 LED, 적색 LED와 형광램프의 최대성장률은 각각 $0.44\;day^{-1},\;0.42\;day^{-1},\;0.39\;day^{-1}$ 그리고 $0.37\;day^{-1}$이었다. Nitzschia sp.의 최대흡수계수는 472 nm($0.0224\;m^2\;mg\;chi.\;{\alpha}^{-1}$)와 663 nm($0.0179\;m^2\;mg\;chi.\;{\alpha}^{-1}$)에서 보였지만, 모든 파장에서(400 nm-700 nm) 거의 유사한 흡수계수를 보였다. 따라서 가을과 겨울동안에는 청색파장을 조사하여 미세조류 성장을 촉진시키고, 봄과 여름동안에는 황색파장을 조사하여 유해조류의 성장억제와 함께 저서미세조류의 성장시켜 오염된 연안 저서환경 개선에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

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합곡-곡지 전침치료가 정상인의 뇌혈류에 미치는 영향 - Brain SPECT와 SPM을 이용하여 - (Effect of LI4-LI11 Electro-acupuncture on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Human - Evaluated by $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ Brain SPECT -)

  • 류종만;김영석;박성욱;정우상;고창남;조기호;배형섭;김덕윤;문상관
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제27권2호
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    • pp.36-43
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    • 2006
  • Objectives : Acupuncture has been widely applied to rehabilitation after stroke by Oriental medical doctors in Korea. It has been reported that acupuncture increased cerebral blood supply and stimulated the functional activity of brain nerve cells. In addition, a correlation between activation of specific areas of brain cortices and corresponding acupuncture stimulation at the therapeutic points had been well illustrated. rill now, however, there were few studies which evaluated a correlation between activation of specific areas of brain and frequently-used acupuncture therapy for stroke, such as LI4-LI11 electro-acupuncture (EA) for paresis after stroke. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of LI4-LI11 EA on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal volunteers using Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Methods : In the resting state, $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ brain SPECT scans were performed on 10 normal volunteers (8 males, 2 females, mean age $25.6{\pm}2.3$years; age range from 24 to 31 years). 7 days after the resting examination, 15 minutes of electro-acupuncture were applied at LI 4 and LI 11 on the right side of the subjects. Immediately after LI4-LI11 EA, the second SPECT images were obtained in the same manner as the resting state. Significant increases and decreases of regional cerebral blood flow after LI4-LI11 EA were estimated by comparing their SPECT images with those of the resting state using paired t statistics at every voxel, which were analyzed by Statistical parametric mapping with a threshold of p=0.001, uncorrected (extent threshold: k=100 voxels). Results : EA applied at right LI4-LI11 increased rCBF in right frontopolar area (Brodmann area 10) and left middle frontal area (Brodmann area 46). Interestingly, all the areas showing increased rCBF corresponded to the territories of both anterior cerebral arteries. However, LI4-11 EA decreased rCBF in the left occipital lobe (peristriate area, Brodmann area 19). Conclusions : The results demonstrated a correlation between LI4-11 EA and rCBF increase in the frontal lobes. It is also suggested that there may be a correlation between LI meridian and the territory of the anterior cerebral arterties.

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뇌 SPECT와 SPM을 이용한 합곡-곡지 TENS 치료의 뇌혈류에 대한 효과 (Effect of LI4-LI11 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Healthy Human Using SPECT and Statistical Parametric Mapping)

  • 정동원;김영석;박성욱;정우상;박정미;고창남;조기호;배형섭;김덕윤;문상관
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.205-212
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    • 2008
  • Background and purpose: So far it was reported that acupuncture increased cerebral blood supply and stimulated the functional activity of brain nerve cells. A previous study demonstrated a correlation between LI4-11 electro-acupuncture (EA) and rCBF increase in frontal lobe. However, there remained a need to study further using various controls in acupuncture research. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has been used as a non-invasive control in acupuncture study. This study was to evaluate the effect of LI4-LI11 TENS on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in normal volunteers using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Methods: In the resting state, $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ brain SPECT scans were performed on 10 normal volunteers (9 males, 1 female, mean age 26.6$\pm$0.5 years; age range from 26 to 27 years). On the other day, 7 days after the resting examination, 15 minute TENS were applied at LI 4 and LI 11 on the right side of the subjects. Immediately after LI4-LI11 TENS, the second SPECT images were obtained in the same manner as the resting state. Significant increases and decreases of regional cerebral blood flow after LI4-LI11 TENS were estimated by comparing their SPECT images with those of the resting state using paired t statistics at every voxel, which were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping with a threshold of p = 0.001, uncorrected (extent threshold: k=100 voxels). Results: TENS applied at right LI4-LI11 increased rCBF in the left somatosensory association cortex (Brodmann area 5, 7). However there was no area where LI4-11 TENS decreased rCBF. Conclusion and suggestions: These results demonstrate that right LI4-LI11 TENS increased rCBF only in corresponding somatosensory association cortex, which was different from the previous results using LI4-11 EA. It is suggested that there be a different mechanism between TENS and EA.

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양릉천-현종 전침치료가 뇌경색환자 및 정상인의 뇌혈류에 미치는 영향 - SPECT와 SPM을 이용한 연구 - (Effect of GB 34-GB 39 Electro-acupuncture on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Stroke Patients and Normal Volunteers Evaluated by $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ SPECT)

  • 한진안;정동원;배형섭;박성욱;정우상;박정미;고창남;조기호;김영석;김덕윤;문상관
    • 대한한의학회지
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.187-200
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    • 2006
  • Objectives: Acupuncture has been applied in Asia for thousands of years, especially to rehabilitation after stroke. It has been reported that acupuncture increased cerebral blood supply and stimulated the functional activity of brain nerve cells shown by using brain imaging techniques. This study was to evaluate the effect of GB 34-GB 39 electro-acupuncture (EA) on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in stroke patients and normal volunteers using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Methods: The study procedure was divided into two parts: patients and volunteers studies. For the patients study, ten ischemic stroke patients (3 males, 7 females, mean age $68.5{\pm}8.9$ years old) were selected. Baseline brain SPECT was done with triple head gamma camera (MultiSPECT3, Siemens, USA) after intravenous administration of 1,110 MBq of $^{99m}Tc-ECD$. Fifteen-minute EA at GB 34 and GB 39 were applied on the affected limb. The same dose of $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ was injected during the EA, and the second set of SPECT images wasobtained. Using the computer software (ICON 7.1, Siemens, USA), 3 SPECT slices (upper, middle, lower) surrounding the brain lesion were selected and each slice was divided into 10-16 brain regions. Asymmetry indexes (AI) were analyzed in each brain region. We regarded over 10% changes of AI between before and after EA as significance. For the volunteers study, 10 healthy human volunteers (5 males, 5 females, mean age $28.1{\pm}6$ years old) were selected. In the resting state, $^{99m}Tc-ECD$ brain SPECT scans were performed. On the 7th day after the resting examination, 15 minute EA was applied at GB 34 and GB 39 on the right side of the subjects. Immediately after EA, the second SPECT images were obtained inthe same manner as the resting state. Significant increases and decreases of rCBF after EA were estimated by comparing their SPECT images with those of the resting state using paired t statistics at every voxel, which were analyzed by statistical parametric mapping with a threshold of p = 0.01, uncorrected (extent threshold: k=100 voxels). Results: In stroke patients, six of the eight (75%) had significantly increased perfusion in post-acupuncture scans compared to their baseline state. In normal volunteers, GB 34-GB GB EA increased rCBF in both hemispheres including right ventral posterior cingulate (Brodmann area (BA) 23), left superior temporal, anterior transverse temporal (BA 22, 41), left parastriate, peristriate (BA 18, 19), right occipitotemporal, angular (BA 37, 39), left rostral postcentral, caudal postcentral and preparietal (BA 2, 3, 5). However GB 34-GB 39 EA decreased rCBF in the right hemisphere including triangular and middle frontal lobes. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that OB 34-GB 39 EA increased cerebral perfusion in ischemic stroke patients and increased rCBF grossly in temporal lobes of normal volunteers. It is also suggested that there may be a correlation between the GB meridian and the territory of the middle cerebral artery.

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