• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1992

The pressure pain thresholds of head and neck muscles of patients suffering from tensiontype headache220, all female, ages ranged from 13 to 50 years (28.4$\pm$9.6) and 39 healthy controls, all female, ages ranged from 14 to 46 years (24.4$\pm$9.2) were recorded by the electronic algometer (Electyronic Algometer Type I, Somedic, Stockholm, Sweden). And the obtained results were as follows : 1. The pressure pain thresholds of patient group were lower than those of controls in superior sternocleidomastoid muscle, middle sternocleidomastoid muscle, and trapezius insertion muscle (P<0.001) 2. The pressure pain thresholds of patient group were not different from those of controls in anterior temporal, middle temporal, posterior temporal, deep masseter, anterior masseter, inferior masseter, medial pterygoid, posterior digastric, splenius capitus and upper trapezius muscle (P>0.05). 3. Seventy-one percent of tension-type headache patients had more than one muscle, of whicb pressure pain threshold was lowered significantly (less than mean of control - 1.5SD). 4. The pressure pain thresholds of head and neck muscles should be considered as a criterion for the diagnosis of tension-type headache.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Purpose: This paper proposes proper and effective neck exercises by comparing the deep and superficial cervical flexor muscle activities and thickness according to the pressure level during cranio-cervical flexion exercises between a normal posture group and forward head posture group. Methods: A total of 20 subjects (8 males and 12 females) without neck pain and disabilities were selected. The subjects' craniovertebral angles were measured; they were divided into a normal posture and a forward head posture group. During cranio-cervical flexion exercises, the thickness of the deep cervical flexor neck muscle and the activity of the surface neck muscles were measured using ultrasound and EMG. Results: The results showed that the thickening of the deep cervical flexor was increased significantly to 28 and 30 mmHg in the forward head posture group. The sternocleidomastoid muscle activity increased significantly to 24, 26, 28, and 30 mmHg in the forward head posture group. The anterior scalene muscle activity increased significantly to 26, 28, and 30mmHg in the forward head posture group. A significant difference of 26, 28, and 30 mmHg in the sternocleidomastoid and anterior scalene muscles was observed between two groups. Conclusion: To prevent a forward head posture and maintain proper cervical curve alignment, the use of the superficial cervical flexor muscles must be minimized. In addition, to perform a cranio-cervical flexion exercises to effectively activate the deep cervical flexor muscles, 28 and 30 mmHg for normal posture adults and 28 mmHg for adults with forward head postures are recommended.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.339-352
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• 2008

목적: 측두하악장애 환자들에서 압통 검사를 통하여 경부근육 통증의 정도와 위치를 파악하고, 측두하악장애와 경부근육 통증과의 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 방법: 측두하악장애 환자(n=129, 여자 65.9% 평균=28.8세)에 대해서 두통, 목의 통증, 정서적 스트레스, 수면 장애, 이상 기능 습관 및 통증 강도에 대한 설문을 실시하였다. 저작계에 대하여 하악 운동범위, 악관절음, 악관절 촉진, 저작근 촉진 검사를 시행하였다. 빗목근 상부(sternocleidomastoid upper), 빗목근 중간(sternocleidomastoid middle), 등세모근 상부(upper trapezius), 머리널판근(splenius capitis), 머리반가시근(semispinalis capitis), 중간 목갈비근(scalene medius), 어깨올림근(levator scapulae)의 7부위의 경부 근육에 대하여 촉진에 의한 압통 검사를 하였다. 압통의 정도를 무통(0), 경도(1), 중등도(2), 심도(3)로 구분하여 판정하였다. 압통점수로부터 여러 통증점수 합계를 계산한 후 이후의 통계분석에 사용하였다. 결과: 80명(62.0%)의 환자가 설문에서 목의 통증을 경험한다고 답하였다. 측두하악장애 통증 점수와 경부 근육통 점수 간에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(r=0.538, P < 0.001). 경부 근육 중에서 중등도 이상의 압통이 40% 이상 발생하는 근육은 빗목근과 등세모근 상부였고 저작근 중에서는 깨물근(masseter) 중간에서 36%의 중등도 통증이 나타났다. 129명에 대한 경부근육통점수합과 측두하악장애통증점수합 사이에는 상당한 관련성이 있었으며($\rho$=0.502, P < 0.001), 측두하악장애통증점수합은 경부근육통점수합이 증가함에 따라 함께 증가하는 경향을 보였다(Y = 0.395 ${\cdot}$ X, $R^2$ = 0.659, P < 0.001). 저작근장애 환자에서 빗목근등세모근상부통증점수합과 관자근교근통증점수합은 중등도의 관련성($\rho$ = 0.375, P < 0.001)을 보였으며, 두 변수는 비례 관계에 있었다(Y = 0.359 ${\cdot}$ X, $R^2$ = 0.538, P < 0.001). 편측통증점수의 편상관관계분석에서 우측경부근육통증점수합과 좌측경부근육통증점수합은 가장 높은 상관성(r=0.802, P < 0.001)을 보였다. 우측측두하악장애통증점수합과 좌측측두하악장애통증점수합은 중등도의 상관성(r=0.481, P < 0.001)이 있었다. 편측성 측두하악장애 통증이 있는 20명의 환자에 대한 편상관관계분석에서 우측과 좌측의 편측경부근육통점수간의 상관성이 가장 높았고(r = 0.597, P = 0.009), 측두하악장애측통증점수합과 동측경부근육통증점수합 사이의 상관성(r = 0.564, P = 0.015)이 그 다음이었다. 결론: 측두하악장애 통증은 촉진에 의한 압통반응의 측면에서 경부근육 통증과 관련성을 보인다. 경부근육 중에서 빗목근과 등세모근상부가 중등도 이상의 통증을 흔하게 나타내며 저작근통증과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 경부근육에서는 통증의 대칭적인 이환 특성이 두드러지지만, 측두하악장애가 경부근육통의 수준에 영향을 주어 대칭적인 특성을 변화시킬 수 있다. 두부와 경부에 복잡한 통증 질환의 증상과 징후를 보이는 환자에서 경부 근육 통증의 진단과 치료에 관심을 가져야 한다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.425-432
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• 2014

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate that the differences in sternocleidomastoid muscle activity, neck rotation angle, neck lateral bending angle and neck lateral bending onset time between conditions with and without visual biofeedback during neck rotation. METHODS: Ten male and four female adults with condition of forward head posture were recruited in this study. Subjects conducted to left and right maximal neck rotation under the conditions with and without visual biofeedback. During neck rotation, kinematic data of neck rotation, neck lateral bending movement, and electromyography activities of bilateral sternocleidomastold muscles were collected. Differences in dependent variables between conditions with and without visual biofeedback were analyzed using paired t-test. RESULTS: There were significant decreases in lateral bending angle, while lateral bending movement onset time was delayed significantly when applying visual biofeedback (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in the activation of left and right sternocleidomastoid muscles and neck rotation angle between conditions with and without visual biofeedback (p>.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that visual biofeedback may be effective for axial rotation of cervical spine during neck rotation in adults with forward head posture.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

Purpose: The congenital muscular torticollis is a neck deformity involving shortening of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which is detected at birth or shortly after birth. This childhood disease is the third most common congenital musculoskeletal anomaly. The indication for surgery is a persistent head tilt with dificit of passive rotation and lateral bending of the neck and a tight band or tumor in the sternocleidomastoid muscle even after physical therapy. The purpose of this article is to report surgical outcomes with patients who had no or little response to physical therapy. Methods: Surgery was performed on 29 patients and their average age was 4.1 years (from 6 months to 20.1 years). The unipolar open release and partial myectomy were done in 28 cases and the muscle lengthening was done in 1 case. Physical therapy was started from postoperative seventh day. Follow - up period was ranged from 2 months to 5.4 years(mean follow - up, 20.4 months). Result: There were neither rotation nor lateral bending deficit after surgical treatment. Mild head tilt was noticed in 3 cases and residual bend was observed in 4 cases. The subjective assessments of surgical results by parents were excellent. Conclusion: Our surgical outcome encourages the surgical treatment of congenital muscular torticollis for patients who failed to respond to physical therapy.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.134-137
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• 2016

A Killian-Jamieson diverticulum (KJD) is an unfamillar and unusual cervical esophageal diverticulum. This diverticulum originates on the anterolateral aspect of the esophagus through the Killian-Jamieson's area that is formed between cricopharyngeal muscle and the lateral to longitudinal esophageal muscle. Recently, we experienced a patient who was found outpouching lesion on lateral side of left esophagus on the duodenoscopy. Then, a barium esophagography performed and in left lateral position demonstrated a left-sided diverticulum with a frontal projection, highly suggestive of a KJD. There are two ways of surgical approach to manage the KJD. First is external approach, another one is endoscopic approach. In common, external approach has been recommended for the treatment of KJD because of concern of nerve injury. We present a case of KJD that underwent external approach and sternocleidomastoid muscle flap in the management of KJD.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2014

Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma is a rare disorder of malignant soft tissue tumor and is usually occurred various regions that often manifests in the head and neck region. The most common clinical presentation of this entity is non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy. This disease usually presents high possibility of local recurrence and low possibility of distant metastasis. We report a rare case of low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma occurring in the sternocleidomastoid muscle and invading to the mastoid tip. A 56-year-old male visited the clinic with a complaint of slowly growing postauricular mass for 6 months. Mass originating from sternomastoid muscle and invasion to mastoid tip was observed by imaging studies. Surgical complete excision with simple mastoidectomy was performed via modified facelift approach. The histopathologic findings revealed malignant spindle cell tumor with positive staining with smooth muscle actin. The patient has no recurrence for 2years without any complication.

• 한국임상보건과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.991-997
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• 2017

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to muscle properties analysis of SCM(sternocleidomastoid) Muscle according to posture type when using smartphone. Methods. This study was conducted on 73 college students who are using smartphone. Subjects were analyzed myotonPRO to confirm, prone posture group, stand posture group, drop head above $45^{\circ}$in sit posture on a chair group and drop head below $45^{\circ}$in sit posture on a chair group were measured SCM muscle. The myotonPRO were measured one measurer, total 3 times. Comparative analysis of the each groups were investigated of SCM muscle properties. Results. We found that Frequency, Stiffness, Creep and Relaxation were appeared difference in each posture. F index was increased at drop head below $45^{\circ}$group than stand posture group. S index was increased at drop head above $45^{\circ}$group than prone posture group. C index was decreased at drop head below $45^{\circ}$group and drop head above $45^{\circ}$group than prone posture group. R index was decreased at drop head above $45^{\circ}$group than prone posture group. Conclusions. The muscle properties were appeared difference in each posture of SCM muscle using smartphone.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between smartphone use, body composition, posture and muscle properties of elementary school students. Methods : A total of 22 healthy elementary school students in Daejeon, South Korea, participated in this study with informed consent. Smartphone use was evaluated with Smartphone addiction self-report scale (S-scale) for youth. Body composition (BMI, percent body fat, body fat mass, and skeletal muscle mass) was measured using Inbody. To assess posture, forward head posture and round shoulder posture were measured using Dartfish motion analysis. Muscle properties (muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity) were measured on the upper trapezius, splenius capitis and sternocleidomastoid muscles using Myoton. To investigate the correlation between the main variables, Pearson correlation analysis was performed. Results : Disturbance of adaptive function, which is one of sub-component of S-scale, had a weak positive correlations with BMI (r=.538, p<.01), and body fat mass (r=.453, p<.05). However, scores of S-scale showed no correlation with posture and muscle properties. The correlation between posture and muscle properties was analyzed, and round shoulder posture revealed a weak positive correlation with respect to stiffness (r=.418, p<.05) and elasticity (r=.502, p<.05) of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Conclusion : Scores of S-scale demonstrated a weak correlation with body composition (BMI) among elementary school students, whereas S-scale scores were not correlated with the posture and muscle properties. Further research is needed to identify and focus on potential high-risk user groups of elementary students who are more dependent upon smartphones.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.349-354
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the thickness of deep neck flexors (DNF) and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) bilaterally during deep neck flexor endurance test using ultrasonography images. Methods: Healthy volunteers (n=22), 20-25 (mean 22.2) years old, were recruited for the study. Participants were asked to perform the craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) in a seated position to measure deep neck flexor endurance. The thickness of DNF and SCM was assessed bilaterally and was measured using ultrasonography images at resting, contracted, pre-terminal and terminal phases of the neck muscle endurance test. Muscle contraction pattern was also observed along with the changes in muscle thickness from the resting phase to the terminal phase. Repeated-measure ANOVA was employed to compare muscle thickness bilaterally at each phase. Results: The thickness of right and left muscles was found to be significantly different in DNF both at resting and contracted phases (p=0.02, p<0.01, respectively), whereas no significant difference was observed in SCM at resting or contracted phases (p=0.59, p=0.18, respectively). Thickness changes from resting to contracted phase were not significantly different both in DNF and SCM (p=0.18, p=0.22, respectively). Muscle contraction patterns in right and left muscles were shown to be similar. Conclusion: The current study, performed on (with) healthy subjects, significantly detected different right and left muscle thickness in DNF, but the muscle contraction patterns were similar in DNF and SCM bilaterally. Further study is required to investigate DNF and SCM muscle size and function in people with neck pain.