• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.87-94
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• 2020

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of sterilization in Vietnam. We estimate a simultaneous equation by using Two-Stage least squares (2SLS) regression analysis. The time-series data was collected for the first quarter of 2004 to the fourth quarter of 2018. In particular, the effectiveness of sterilization is considered in terms of dollarized economy, since making the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy system, the Vietnamese economy has remained in a state of dollarization. In addition, we also assess whether the global financial crisis had an impact on the sterilization effectiveness of the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV). On the basis of the estimated sterilization and offset coefficients, our results suggest that the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) has not been able to fully neutralize the impact on the domestic money supply when intervening in the foreign exchange market, and the capital inflows respond strongly to changes in domestic monetary conditions. The results also show that the global financial crisis has changed the effectiveness of these sterilization policies. An analysis of this study's empirical findings provides the opportunity to derive some recommendations that may assist in increasing the effectiveness of the State Bank of Vietnam's sterilization policies in the process of accumulating international reserves.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the heat-penetration characteristics using stationary and rotary retorts to manufacture Kimchi soup. Both heat-penetration tests and computer simulation based on mathematical modeling were performed. The sterility was measured at five different positions in the pouch. The results revealed only a small deviation of $F_0$ among the different positions, and the rate of heat transfer was increased by rotation of the retort. The thermal processing of retort-pouched Kimchi soup was analyzed mathematically using a finite-element model, and optimum models for predicting the time course of the temperature and $F_0$ were developed. The mathematical models could accurately predict the actual heat penetration of retort-pouched Kimchi soup. The average deviation of the temperature between the experimental and mathematical predicted model was 2.46% ($R^2=0.975$). The changes in nodal temperature and $F_0$ caused by microbial inactivation in the finite-element model predicted using the NISA program were very similar to that of the experimental data of for the retorted Kimchi soup during sterilization with rotary retorts. The correlation coefficient between the simulation using the NISA program and the experimental data was very high, at 99%.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.935-945
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge of dental hygienists on infection control in dental office and their attitude toward that in a bid to provide some information on ways of enhancing the level of infection control in dental office. Methods : The subjects in this study were 220 dental hygienists who worked in dental hospitals and clinics in Busan and South Gyeongsang Province. A survey was conducted from May 17 to June 17, 2010, and the answer sheets from 183 respondents were analyzed with a SPSS WIN 12.0 program. Statistical data on frequency, percentage and mean were obtained, and t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and one-way ANOVA were utilized. Results : They got a mean of $4.59{\pm}.68$ in six categories of infection control knowledge. They had the best knowledge on dental waste disposal, followed by hand washing, post-sterilization management, instrument disinfection and sterilization, surface management of dental equipment and wearing personal protective equipment. They got a mean of $3.99{\pm}.54$ in attitude, and they scored lowest in practice of surface management of dental equipment. Overall, they scored higher in every aspect of knowledge than in attitude(t=11.410, p=.0.000). There was the greatest gap between their knowledge and practice in surface management of dental equipment (t=13.885, p=0.000), and there was the smallest gap between their knowledge and practice in hand washing(t=5.460, p=0.000). And a positive correlation was found between knowledge and attitude, as better knowledge of infection control led to better attitude toward that(p<.001). Finally, concerning infection control knowledge and attitude by general characteristics, the presence or absence of infection control guidelines made differences to infection control knowledge, and infection control attitude was statistically significantly different according to infection control education experiences(t=6.501, p=.012) and the presence or absence of infection control guidelines(t=22.836, p=.000). Conclusions : In order to bolster infection control in dental office, the related system should be improved to legally require dental personnels to implement infection control. Every dental office must be furnished with infection control guidelines, and sustained education should be provided for dental hygienists to carry out infection control.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 1995

Although liposome has many advantages as a pharmaceutical dosage form, its application in the industrial field has been limited because of some problems such as preparation method, reproducibility, scale-up, stability and sterilization etc. Liposomes prepared by microemulsification method had defined size, narrow size distribution, reproducibility and high entrapment efficiency. For enhancing the stability, the dry form of liposome was recommended. These types of liposome are proliposome and freeze-dried liposome. The liposome must have some properties for preparing of freeze-dried liposome; small size $(50{\sim}200\;nm)$, narrow size distribution and cryoprotectant. In this experiment, the liposomes containing 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU) and its prodrug(pentyl-5-FU-1-acetate; PFA, hexyl-5-FU-1-acetate; HFA) were made with soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, stearylamine(SA) and dicetyl phosphate(DCP) employing hydration method or microemulsification method using $Microfluidizer^{TM}$. Both or liposome types were MLV and MEL. After preparation, freeze drying and rehydration were performed. In the process of freezing, trehalose(Tr) was added as a cryoprotectant. Their evaluation methods were as follows; entrapment efficiency, mean particle size and size distribution, dissolution test, retain of entrapment efficiency and turbidity after freeze-drying. The results are summarized as belows. The entrapment efficiency of 5-FU was dependent on total lipid concentration and cholesterol content but that of PFA and HFA was decreased when cholesterol was added. When DCP and SA were added, entrapment efficiency was decreased. As the partition coefficient of drug was increased, entrapment efficiency was increased. Under the same condition, entrapment efficiency of MEL is similar to that of MLV. The mean particle size and size distribution of MEL were smaller than those of MLV. Dissolution rates of drug from both liposome types were comparatively similar. Dissolution rates of drugs with serum and liver homogenate were faster than without these material. After preparation of liposome, free drug was removed efficiency by Dowex 50W-X4. When liposome was freeze-dried and then rehydrated in the presence of Tr, characteristics of liposome were maintained well in MEL than MLV. Tr Was used successfully as a cryoprotectant in the process of freeze drying and the optimal ratio of Tr:Lipid was 4:1(g/g).

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2020

Purpose: The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of allogenic bone block and the compressive strength of an allogenic bone block measured by biomechanical experiments, and (2) to compare the maximum pressure load of allogenic bone block with the gap pressure measured at the high tibial opening osteotomy. Materials and Methods: Ten patients who provided informed consent for gap pressure measurements during opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) were included. The gap pressures were measured at 1 mm intervals while opening the osteotomy site from 8 mm to 14 mm. Seventeen U-shaped allogenous wedge bone blocks were made from the femur, tibia, and humerus. The height, width, cross-sectional area, and cortex thickness of the bone blocks were measured, along with the maximum compressive load just before breakage. The relationship between these characteristics and the maximum pressure load of the bone blocks was evaluated. The gap pressures measured in OWHTO were compared with the maximum pressure loads of the allogenous wedge bone blocks to evaluate the possibility of inserting allogenous wedge bone blocks into the osteotomy site without a distractor in OWHTO. Results: The OWHTO gap pressure increased with increasing osteotomy site opening. The mean gap pressure, which occurred at a 14-mm opening, was 282±93 N; the maximum pressure was 427 N. The maximum pressure load of the allografts was 13,379±6,469 N (minimum, 5,868; maximum, 29,130 N) and was correlated significantly with the cortical bone thickness (correlation coefficient=0.693, p=0.002) and cross-sectional area (correlation coefficient=0.826, p<0.001). Depending on the sterilization method, the maximum pressure loads for the bone blocks were 13,406±5,928 N for freeze-dried and 13,348±7,449 N for fresh frozen. The maximum compressive load of the allogenous wedge bone blocks was 13.7-times greater than that in OWHTO opened to 14 mm (5,868 N vs. 427 N). Conclusion: The compressive strength of allogenous wedge bone blocks was sufficiently greater than the gap pressure in OWHTO. Therefore, allogenous wedge bone blocks can be inserted safely into the osteotomy site without a distractor.