• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2011

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) induced by mutant mitochondria genome, has been used for commercial seed production of $F_1$ hybrid cultivars in diverse crops. In pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), two sterile cytoplasm specific gene organization, atp6-2 and coxII were identified. An open reading frame, orf456 nearby coxII gene has been speculated to induce male sterility (MS) by mutagenic analysis. Moreover, molecular markers for atp6-2 and coxII of mitochondrial genotype (mitotype) were developed. However, the Cytoplasmic MS specific markers, atp6SCAR and coxIISCAR markers appeared in both N and S cytoplasms when polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycles prolonged more than 40 cycles. Since the reported molecular markers were dominant markers, the presence of the faint sterile-specific band in normal cytoplasm may lead to the mis-classification of pepper breeding lines. To solve this problem, one common forward primer and two different reverse primers specific to normal coxII and sterile orf456 genes were designed after analyzing their gene organizations. By using these three primers, N and S coxII specific bands were co-amplified in male-sterile lines, but only normal coxII specific band was amplified in maintainer lines. Since the reverse primer for sterile coxII was specifically designed 275 bp downstream of orf456, relatively stable PCR amplification patterns were observed regardless of the number of PCR cycles. These primer sets easily identified different mitotypes among the divergent breeding lines, commercial cultivars and diverse germplasms.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.194-204
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• 2009

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration have been utilized as valuable tools for $F_1$-hybrid seed production in many crops despite laborious breeding processes. Molecular markers for the selection of CMS-related genes help reduce the expenses and breeding times. A previously reported genomic region containing the Ppr-B gene, which is responsible for restoration of fertility and corresponds to the Rfo locus, was used to develop gene-based or so-called "functional" markers for allelic selection of the restorer-of-fertility gene (Rfo) in $F_1$-hybrid breeding of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) Polymorphic sequences among Rfo alleles of diverse breeding lines of radish were examined by sequencing the Ppr-B alleles. However, presence of Ppr-B homolog, designated as Ppr-D, interferes on specific PCR amplification of Ppr-B in certain breeding lines. The organization of Ppr-D, resolved by genome walking, revealed extended homology with Ppr-B even in the promoter region. Interestingly, PCR amplification of Ppr-D was repeatedly unsuccessful in certain breeding lines implying the lack of Ppr-D in these radishes. Ppr-B could only be successfully amplified for analysis through designing primers based on the sequences unique to Ppr-B that exclude interference from Ppr-D gene. Four variants of Rfo alleles were identified from 20 breeding lines. A combination of three molecular markers was developed in order to genotype the Rfo locus based on polymorphisms among four different variants. These markers will be useful in facilitating $F_1$-hybrid cultivar development in radish.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2009

To investigate the mutagenecity of sodium azide (SA) and to select mutants having various agronomic characteristics in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica), dry seeds of rice variety 'Suweon 472' were treated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mM SA solutions prepared in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.0). Germination rate, seedling height and sterility were investigated in $M_1$ generation and chlorophyll mutations were observed in $M_3$ generation. Germination rate and seedling height decreased as the increase of SA concentration in $M_1$ generation, the maximum seed sterility (40.8%) was found at 4.0 mM SA concentration. Chlorophyll mutants were occurred in $M_3$ generation and the frequency calculated on a line basis was 13.5% at the same treatment. Many kinds of mutations for morphological and agronomic characters were observed and mutations with short culm and glabrous leaf were frequently found in $M_3$ generation. Interestingly, five mutant lines resistant to blast or bacterial blight (BB) were selected and evaluated with several isolates in $M_3$ generation although Suweon 472 has been known to be susceptible to blast and BB. These mutants showed all resistance to seven isolates of blast and a total of 76 lines among 2,567 lines evaluated showed resistant to race K1 of bacterial blight. Two mutant lines (440172 and 41272) showed different reaction to BB isolates from the other resistant mutants. A few kinds of endosperm mutants were also identified and most of them were waxy mutants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.206-217
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• 1982

This experiment was conducted to study about nutrient absorption of flag leaf and chaff of rice plant different transplanting date with elevations. Heading stage was delayed by destructive cold temperature or late transplanting. Plant analyses revealed that above poor plants also had higher total nitrogen content, but ower silicate in the flag leaf and sterile chaff. Total nitrogen and silica contents to accumulated in flag leaf between yield was significant high correlation. The chaff of late transplanting and sterility was high total nitrogen. Relationship between silicate absorption and total nitrogen of chaff was significant high correlation. Ripening temperature after heading stage was influenced total nitrogen of chaff. Phosphate, potassium, calssium and silicate contents of chaff increased hight ripening temperature but total nitrogen decreased. Therefore, inorganic element contents of chaff was closely connected with grain sterility.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 1983

The effect of temperature 'during the reduction division stage on the Indica-Japonica rice varieties were studied in artificial temperature-controlled cabinets (Bioclimatic Laboratory). Varieties used were indica-japonica crosses (Suweon 264, Suweon 258, Milyang 29), indica (IR36, Lengkwang) and japonica rice (Jin-heung). The results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. The most sensitive stage to low temperature, the tetrad stage, was observed in each variety with the following auricle distance: Jinheung, -12cm; IR36, -3cm; Suweon264, -9cm; Suweon258, -3cm; Milyang29, -6cm and Lengkwang, +1cm. The tetrad stage occured when the palea elongation was about 50 to 60% of the final palea length at flowering stage in all varieties. The percentage of degenerated spikelets at tetrad as influenced by low-temperature treatment was very low in Jinheung and Lengkwang, but very high in IR36. In indica-japonica crosses only the 7-days treatments had a very high percentage. Between the 4-day and 7-day treatments as well as among all varieties, clear differences were observed in the low temperature induced sterility of 'special spikelets' (upper position grains at tetrad). In the 7-day treatments except in Lengkwang, all varieties showed very high sterility. It appears that the treatments is over the critical limit for treatment. However in the 4-day treatments, the intervarietal differences in sterility were very clear. In Jinheung, sterility was 46.8%; IR36, 67.6%; Suweon264, 60.9%, Milyang29, 62.2%; Lengkwang, 27.8%. A close relationship was observed between fertility and auricle distance. The lowest fertility of special spikelets was at the tetrad stage and the first contraction phase. Before and after the stage there was an increase in fertility. The palea length elongated nearly in a straight line from the spikelet formation stage to flowering. And there was a high correlation between palea length and auricle distance. distance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.15
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• pp.85-97
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• 1974

In order to clarify the inducing conditions and cause of sterility in rice plants, 4 varieties were cooled at 3 different levels of temperature combined with 3 different levels of treatment period. And 19 varieties were tested to examine the varietal difference of cold resistance. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. There were significant varietal differences in the effect of cooling treatment at meiotic stage. Suwon 213-1 was induced heavy sterility by 3 day cooling treatment at 17.5$^{\circ}C$ whereas Hayayuki, Nongpaik and Jinheung were induced a little sterility by 3 day cooling treatment at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 5 day treatment at 17.5$^{\circ}C$. The per cent of grain fertility was correlated significantly with the delayed days to heading, the degree of panicle extraction (Suwon 213-1, Nongpaik, Jinheung), culm length (Nongpaik, Suwon 213-1), and Auricle distance (Suwon 213-1). The degree of sterility was able to be estimated from the linear regression equation between the degree of panicle extraction (distance from panicle neck to flag leaf) and fertility percentage. In the case of heavy cold damage by the treatment of low temperature at meiotic stage, the rice plant had somewhat lower pollen density per anther, small and ununiform anther and pollen in size, and more sterile pollen grains. Suwon 213-1 showed anthesis in almost all spikelets, while Nongpaik, Jinheung and Hayayuki indicated considerable number of indehisced anther at 5 days after heading. 2. The fertility were not generally higher in cooling treatment at heading stage than at meiotic stage treatment. And significant correlation was found between the percentage of grain fertility treated at above two stages. Nongpaik and Jinheung were not affected in percentage of fertility by 5 day treatment at 15$^{\circ}C$ when these were treated at heading stage. Indehisced anthers were not found in Suwon 213-1 and Hayayuki, but Nongpaik and Jinheung showed more anthers which did not show anthesis 3. There was different varietal response to low temperature which was indicated by the decrease of grain fertility resulted from cooling treatment at meiotic stage. Jaekeun and Jinheung did not show low fertility but Milseong, Suwon 210, Satominoli and Suwon 213-1 showed outstanding decrease in fertility percentage by the cooling treatment at meiotic stage. The varieties which had low fertility were likely to have low pollen density per anther, abnormal anthers, small size po]]en grains and many sterile pollens. 4. Remarkable varietal difference of cold resistance was found in heading stage cooling treatment. Nongpaik, Jinheung, Jaekeun, Paltal, Akibare, Milseung and Palkeong were not affected in grain fertility by cooling treatments but Nonglimna No. 1, Suseong, Hayayuki, Suwon 213-1 and Suwon 210 showed significantly high sterility as treated by cool temperature. Most of the varieties showed higher fertility by cooling treatment at heading stage than meiotic stage but Hayayuki, Suseong and Nonglimna No.1 showed lower fertility when these were treated at heading stage than meiotic stage. There were two grops of varieties in the response to cooling treatment, one was somewhat non-anthesised and the other showed full anthesis. 5. In cold injury test of young seedlings, the result of observation was not accorded with the degree of growth inhibition. As a general, Palkeum and Suseong were highly torelant to cool temperature but Suwon 213-1, Jaekeun, Paltal, Shirogane, Palkeong, Mankyung were highly susceptible. 6. There is no significant correlation between the degree of young seedling cold damage and or the degree of growth retardation at seedling stage and grain fertility resulted from coding treatment both heading and meiotic stage.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.287-294
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• 1995

A male patient with subnormal intelligence and schizoaffective symptoms was confirmed to have Klinefelter's syndrome with the karyotype of 47,XXY by the chromosomal analysis. He was shown to have a peculiar appearance of tall height, long extremities, gynecomastia and small ears. The hormonal study revealed decreased testosterone and increased FSH concentrations in the serum of the patient. He was also found to have small testes by the ultrasonography, which seemed to be sterile by the semen analysis. We reported this rare case and reviewed related articles.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2007

Hominis placenta have been studied as herbal acupuncture because of it's limitation of use. The properties of Hominis placenta are warm and supplement of Jeong-Hyeol, Jin-Ki and I thought that Hominis placenta have various effectiveness. So I considered Hominis placenta in Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam which is famous comprehensive korean traditional medical book. Hominis placenta was mentioned parts of Sin, Chung, Hwa, Heo-Ro, Bu-In and most of them are mentioned in Heo-Ro part. As a source book, Eui-Hak-Ib-Mun was used the most. Prescription used in various parts as mental disease, forgetfulness, tuberculosis, fever, various malnutrition disease, sterility, but it's basic principle action is all supplement of Heo-Ro. In management of Hominis placenta, most useing method is heating with steam and most of additional medicinal stuffs had action of supplying Eum, Yang, Ki, Hyeol in composition of prescription.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.212-216
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• 1998

Capsicum pepper selections fro PI163192, PI241670, PI244670, PI271322, PI308787, PI322719, and PI369994 were confirmed to be non-hypersensitively resistant to race 3 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. A resistant cultivar,‘SR’, was shown to be hypersensitive. Four Koran local cultivars, a cytoplasmic male sterile line (A-line) and its maintainer (B-line) were highly susceptible. The resistant selections and cultivars were crossed with a male sterile A-line (Smsms) and fertility of their F1 hybrids was examined by observing he pollen production, testing pollen germination, and quantifying the amount of pollen produced per anther to identify the genotype interacting with the male sterile cytoplasm. The seven resistant PI selections turned out to be restorers (N(S)MsMs) and‘SR’to be a maintainer (Nmsms).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.407-411
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• 2004

Ohmic heating occurs when an electric current is passes through food, resulting in a temperature rise in the product due to the conversion of the electric energy into heat. The time spent in the thawing is critical for product sterility and quality. The objective of this study is to conduct numerical modelling between the effect of ohmic thawing intensity on PTT(phase transition time) at constant concentration and the effect of matrix concentrations on PTT at constant voltage condition. the stronger ohmic thawing intensity resulted in decreasing the PTT. High ohmic intensity causes short PTT. And the higher gelatin concentration, the faster increment of PTT. A numerical modeling was executed to predict the PTT influenced by the power intensity using exponential regression and the PTT influenced by gelatin concentration using logarithmic regression. Therefore, from this numerical model of gelatin matrix, it is possible to estimate exact values extensively.