• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.349-368
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• 2015

This paper presents a new algorithm to find the optimal distribution of steel diagonal braces (SDB) using artificial bee colony optimization technique. The four different objective functions are employed based on the transfer function amplitude of; the top displacement, the top absolute acceleration, the base shear and the base moment. The stiffness parameter of SDB at each floor level is taken into account as design variables and the sum of the stiffness parameter of the SDB is accepted as an active constraint. An optimization algorithm based on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is proposed to minimize the objective functions. The proposed ABC algorithm is applied to determine the optimal SDB distribution for planar buildings in order to rehabilitate existing planar steel buildings or to design new steel buildings. Three planar building models are chosen as numerical examples to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The optimal SDB designs are compared with a uniform SDB design that uniformly distributes the total stiffness across the structure. The results of the analysis clearly show that each optimal SDB placement, which is determined based on different performance objectives, performs well for its own design aim.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.593-604
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• 2007

합성형 사교는 비합성형 사교에 비해 역학적 측면에서 큰 장점을 지니고 있는 것이 사실이지만 사각이 심한 사교들의 경우 합성형 사교에 매우 큰 상판응력이 유발될 가능성이 있어 종종 이들 사교들에 대한 비합성형 설계가 검토되어지곤 한다. 본 연구에서는 동적해석이 가능한 비합성형 사교의 해석모델을 제안하고 이 해석모델들을 이용하여 사교들에 대한 비합성형의 적용 타당성을 검토하였다. 또한 주형과 상판과의 세 가지 상호작용(합성작용, 부분합성작용, 비합성작용)이 단순 판형사교들의 동적특성과 동적거동에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 주형간격, 사각, 상판 종횡비를 매개변수로 총 27개의 판형 사교들에 대한 일련의 연구를 수행하였다. 상판과 주형 경계면에서의 미끄러짐은 고유진동주기가 길어지는 현상을 유발하여 사교의 교축직각방향에 작용하는 전체밑면전단력의 크기를 감소시킬 수도 있지만 모드형장과 강성분포에 큰 영향을 미쳐 바람직하지 않은 사교 거동을 유발할 수도 있다. 부분합성작용의 최소 규정에 따라 설치된 전단연결재는 주형응력과 상판응력을 감소시키는 효과가 있다. 즉, 몇몇 사교의 경우를 제외하고는 전반적으로 부분합성형으로부터 구한 주형응력과 상판응력의 크기는 합성형 사교로부터 구한 관련 응력들의 크기와 유사하거나 약간 크게 나타난다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.179-199
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• 2014

The steel tube-reinforced concrete (ST-RC) composite column is a novel type of composite column, consisting of a steel tube embedded in reinforced concrete. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of cumulative damage on the seismic behavior of ST-RC columns through experimental testing. Six large-scale ST-RC column specimens were subjected to high axial forces and cyclic lateral loading. The specimens included two groups, where Group I had a higher amount of transverse reinforcement than Group II. The test results indicate that all specimens failed in a flexural mode, characterized by buckling and yielding of longitudinal rebars, failure of transverse rebars, compressive crushing of concrete, and steel tube buckling at the base of the columns. The number of loading cycles was found to have minimal effect on the strength capacity of the specimens. The number of loading cycles had limited effect on the deformation capacity for the Group I specimens, while an obvious effect on the deformation capacity for the Group II specimens was observed. The Group I specimen showed significantly larger deformation and energy dissipation capacities than the corresponding Group II specimen, for the case where the lateral cyclic loads were repeated ten cycles at each drift level. The ultimate displacement of the Group I specimen was 25% larger than that of the Group II counterpart, and the cumulative energy dissipated by the former was 2.8 times that of the latter. Based on the test results, recommendations are made for the amount of transverse reinforcement required in seismic design of ST-RC columns for ensuring adequate deformation capacity.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.353-368
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• 2016

This paper extends our recent work on the fatigue behavior of stud shear connectors in steel and recycled tyre rubber-filled concrete (RRFC) composite beams. A series of 16 fatigue push-out tests were conducted using a hydraulic servo testing machine. Three different recycled tyre rubber contents of concrete, 0%, 5% and 10%, were adopted as main variable parameters. Stress amplitudes and the diameters of studs were also taken into consideration in the tests. The results show that the fatigue lives of studs in 5% and 10% RRFC were 1.6 and 2.0 times greater of those in normal concrete, respectively. At the same time, the ultimate residual slips' values of stud increased in RRFC to highlight its better ductility. The average ultimate residual slip value of the studs was found to be equal to a quarter of studs' diameter. It had also been proved that stress amplitude was inversely proportional to the fatigue life of studs. Moreover, the fatigue lives of studs with large diameter were slightly shorter than those of smaller ones and using larger ones had the risk of tearing off the base metal. Finally, the comparison between test results and three national codes was discussed.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.325-340
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• 2005

This paper presents a thorough investigation into the structural performance of cold-formed steel column bases using double lipped C sections with bolted moment connections. A total of four column base tests with different connection configurations were carried out, and it was found that section failure under combined bending and shear was always critical. Moreover, the proposed column bases were demonstrated to be structurally efficient attaining moment resistances close to those of the connected sections. In order to examine the structural behaviour of the column base connections, a finite element model was established using shell and spring elements to model the sections and the bolted fastenings respectively. Both material and geometrical non-linearities were incorporated, and comparison between the test and the numerical results was presented in details. The design rules originally developed for bolted moment connections between lapped Z sections were adopted and re-formulated for the design of column base connections after careful calibration against the test data. Comparison on co-existing moments and shear forces at the critical cross-sections of the column bases was fully presented. It was shown that the proposed design and analysis method was structurally adequate to predict the failure loads under combined bending and shear for column bases with similar connection configurations.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.289-304
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• 2005

This paper presents a thorough investigation into the structural performance of cold-formed steel column bases using double lipped C sections with bolted moment connections. A total of four column base tests with different connection configurations were carried out, and it was found that section failure under combined bending and shear was always critical. Moreover, the proposed column bases were demonstrated to be structurally efficient attaining moment resistances close to those of the connected sections. In order to examine the structural behaviour of the column base connections, a finite element model was established using shell and spring elements to model the sections and the bolted fastenings respectively. Both material and geometrical non-linearities were incorporated, and comparison between the test and the numerical results was presented in details. The design rules originally developed for bolted moment connections between lapped Z sections were adopted and re-formulated for the design of column base connections after careful calibration against the test data. Comparison on co-existing moments and shear forces at the critical cross-sections of the column bases was fully presented. It was shown that the proposed design and analysis method was structurally adequate to predict the failure loads under combined bending and shear for column bases with similar connection configurations.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.91-106
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• 2016

Two-dimensional elastoplastic finite element formulation is employed to investigate the load- carrying capacity degradation of reinforced concrete piers wrapped with steel plates due to occurrence of corrosion at the pier base. By comparing with experimental results, the employed finite element analysis method is verified to be accurate. After that, a series of parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effect of corrosion ratio and corrosion mode of steel plates located near the base of in-service pier P2 on load-carrying capacity of the piers. It is observed that the load-carrying capacity of the piers decreases with the increase in corrosion ratio of steel plates. There exists an obvious linear relationship between the load-carrying capacity and the corrosion ratio in the case of even corrosion mode. The degradation of load-carrying capacity resulted from the web's uneven corrosion mode is more serious than that under even corrosion mode, and the former case is more liable to occur than the latter case in actual engineering application. Finally, the failure modes of the piers under different corrosion state are discussed. It is found that the principal tensile strain of concrete and yield range of steel plates are distributed within a wide range in the case of slight corrosion, and they are concentrated on the column base when complete corrosion occurs. The findings obtained from the present study can provide a useful reference for the maintenance and strengthening of the in-service piers.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.383-396
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• 2012

In order to develop a verification method for extremely low cycle fatigue (ELCF) of steel structures, the initiation mechanism of ductile cracks is investigated in the present study, which is the first step of brittle fracture, occurred in steel bridge piers with thick-walled sections. For this purpose, a total of six steel columns with small width-thickness ratios were tested under cyclic loading. It is found that ductile cracks occurred at the column base in all the specimens regardless of cyclic loading histories subjected. Moreover, strain history near the crack initiation location is illustrated and an index of energy dissipation amount is proposed to evaluate deformation capacity of structures.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2012

Implementation of openings in beams web has been introduced as an innovative method for improving seismic performance of steel moment frames. In this paper, several steel moment frames have been studied in order to evaluate the effect of openings in beams web. The beam sections with web opening have been modeled as a simplified super-element to be used in designing frames and to determine opening configurations. Finite element models of designed frames were generated and nonlinear static pushover analysis was conducted. The efficient location for openings along the beam length was discovered and the effects of beams with web openings on local and global behavioral characteristics of frames were discussed. Base on the results, seismic performance of steel moment frames was improved by creating openings in beams web, in terms of reduction in stress level of frame sensitive areas such as beam to column connections and panel zones.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.311-322
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• 2017

In this study, the seismic performance of concrete-steel composite moment frame structures equipped with seismic retrofitting systems such as seismic reinforcement, base isolators, and bracing members, which are typical earthquake damage mitigation systems, is evaluated through nonlinear dynamic analyses. A total of five frame models were designed and each frame model was developed for numerical analyses. A total of 80 ground acceleration data were used to perform the nonlinear dynamic analysis to measure ground shear force and roof displacement, and to evaluate the behavioral performance of each frame model by measuring inter-story drift ratios. The analysis results indicate that the retrofitting device of the base isolator make a significant contribution to generating relatively larger absolute displacement than other devices due to flexibility provided to interface between ground and column base. However, the occurrence of the inter-story drift ratio, which is a relative displacement that can detect the damage of the structure, is relatively small compared with other models. On the other hand, the seismic reinforced frame model enhanced with the steel plate at the lower part of the column was found to be the least efficient.