• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2009

Objective: Much has been known that the systematical theory of acupuncture was developed from stone needle as therapeutic tools for orthopedic diseases in ancient times. Stone needle is very old therapeutic method like moxibustion and has been recognized that it was developed since the Stone Age in China so far. In the present study, it was examined for the origination and formation of stone needle based on stone relics of the Stone Age in Korean Peninsular, the medical and geographical literatures. Materials and methods: The facts of stone needle was examined and arranged on the ancient medical or geographical literatures such as The Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine, Shanhaijing as an ancient geographical book, etc. The clan societies and family related to an origination of stone needle was chased together with their cultural characteristics and origination. The stone relics which have been digged out of historic sites in the North-East Asia were examined for a relevance to stone needle. Results: In The Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine, it was referred to the stone needle that originated from a fishery zone related to the east coast district in North-East Asia. Through the examination of Shan Hai Jing as an ancient geographical book and its historical reviews, a Go-yi clan society who keep Go's family tree dealt well with the stone needle and jewels including jade in the North-East Asia before the publication periods of The Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine, and is comprised in the culture of Dong-yi clan society but not the Chinese culture. The obsidian stones, which have been digged out of historical sites in the North-East Asia since the Stone Age, are originated from volcanic areas combined with seashore that seems to be Baekdu mountain district in Korea and Kyushu district in Japan. Furthermore, obsidian stone tools which were found out at Laodung peninsula and the Korean peninsula are archeologically similar to the stone needle with regards to the shape, size and dual-use. In addition, specific obsidian stone tools have been used in orthopedic surgery as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge up to five times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels. Conclusion: The origin of obsidian stone needle is well corresponded to the explanation about that of the stone needle. It is suggested that the stone needle which influenced in completion of acupuncture and Meridian theory in China seems to be an obsidian stone, and distribution of obsidian stone needle has been closely connected to Dong-yi clan society which are lived in the North-East Asia including Baekdu-mountain district.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.625-633
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 액화천연가스 운송을 위해 사용되는 맴브레인형 Mark III 화물창 시스템의 주요 구조물인, 방열 판 구조물의 파손 강도 평가를 수행한 내용을 다루고 있다. Mark III 방열 판 구조물을 복합적층 구조물로 고려하였으며 상용화된 범용 유한요소 프로그램인 MSC사의 PATRAN과 MARC를 사용하여 Mark III 방열 판 구조물의 유한요소 모델을 개발하였다. 특히, 액화천연가스 화물의 특성으로 인해 Mark III 방열 판 구조물이 접하는 상온에서 극저온에 이르는 광범위한 온도 분포에 따른 재료 물성치 변화를 유한요소 모델에 포함하였다. 이 유한요소 모델을 기반으로 파손 강도 평가 절차가 확립되었으며, 이 때 Mark III 방열 판 구조물의 파손 발생 여부를 판단하기 위해 Hashin, Hill, Hoffman, maximum stress, 그리고 Tsai-Wu와 같은 이방성 파손 기준들을 사용하였다. Mark III 방열 판 구조물의 전반적인 구조적 거동을 이해하였으며 이후 초기 파손 영역에서 강도 평가를 수행하여 파손이 발생되었을 때의 위치와 하중 등을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.531-539
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• 2017

전통적인 FRP 선체 제작에는 mould가 요구되며, mould의 높은 제작비용은 FRP 선박 제작자에게 비용부담을 주고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위한 방안으로 강선 건조에서 사용되는 블록 혹은 모듈 방식의 제작기법에 착안한 modular construction 방안이 제시되었다. 이 제작방안을 FRP 선체에 효율적으로 적용하기 위해서는 설계 및 제작 측면에서 간략하면서도 구조적 안정성을 갖는 접합 이음부 개발이 이루어져야 한다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 모듈방식의 FRP 선체 제작을 위해 moulding-in 개념을 기반으로 한 경제적인 접합 이음부 개발에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. FRP 샌드위치 판을 대상으로 step, scarf-step 그리고 scarf 이음부 형상을 갖는 moulded-in을 수지주입식진공성형 공정에 도입하여 성공적으로 접합된 FRP 샌드위치 판을 제작하였다. 이에 대해 구조적 안정성 평가를 목적으로 인장 및 4점 굽힘 시험 그리고 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. 시험과 해석결과에 대한 비교 연구를 통해 본 연구에서 개발된 접합 이음 내용이 모듈방식의 FRP 선체 제작에 적용 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.46-51
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• 2011

Purpose: For aesthetic reasons, composite resin brackets are widely used. However, related studies are rare. This pilot study sought to compare the stress distributions in two commercially available composite resin brackets with metal slot. Materials and Methods: Two commercially available resin brackets -- full-metal slot resin bracket (fSRB) and partial-metal slot resin bracket (pSRB) with straight wire appliance dimension of $0.022{\times}0.028$ in -- were selected. In each bracket, 3-dimensional finite element models were constructed, and stress level was evaluated using finite element analysis. By loading the tipping force and torsion moment, which are similar to those applied by the stainless steel rectangular wire ($0.019{\times}0.025$ -in), stress distributions were calculated, and von Mises stress values were obtained. Results: In pSRB and fSRB, the stress value of the torque moment was much higher than that of the tipping force. The pSRB showed higher stress value than fSRB in both tipping force and torque moment because of the difference in size and configuration of the metal frame inserted into the slot. More stress was also found to be concentrated on the slot area than the wing area in fSRB. Conclusion: The slot form of fSRB was found to be more resistant to the stress of tipping and torque than the slot form of pSRB. In addition, the slot areas -- rather than the wing areas -- of the bracket showed breakage susceptibility. Therefore, resistance to the torque moment on the slot area should be considered in bracket design.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2017

Background: X-ray imaging detectors for the nondestructive cargo container inspection using MeV-energy X-rays should accurately portray the internal structure of the irradiated container. Internal and external factors can cause noise, affecting image quality, and scattered radiation is the greatest source of noise. To obtain a high-performance transmission image, the influence of scattered radiation must be minimized, and this can be accomplished through several methods. The scatter rejection method using an anti-scatter grid is the preferred method to reduce the impact of scattered radiation. In this paper, we present an evaluation the characteristics of the signal and noise according to physical and material changes in the anti-scatter grid of the imaging detector used in cargo container scanners. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the characteristics of the signal and noise according to changes in the grid ratio and the material of the anti-scatter grid in an X-ray image detector using MCNP6. The grid was composed of iron, lead, or tungsten, and the grid ratio was set to 2.5, 12.5, 25, or 37.5. X-ray spectrum sources for simulation were generated by 6- and 9-MeV electron impacts on the tungsten target using MCNP6. The object in the simulation was designed using metallic material of various thicknesses inside the steel container. Using the results of the computational simulation, we calculated the change in the scatter-to-primary ratio and the signal-to-noise ratio improvement factor according to the grid ratio and the grid material, respectively. Results and Discussion: Changing the grid ratios of the anti-scatter grid and the grid material decreased the scatter linearly, affecting the signal-to-noise ratio. Conclusion: The grid ratio and material of the anti-scatter grid affected the response characteristics of a container scanner using high-energy X-rays, but to a minimal extent; thus, it may not be practically effective to incorporate anti-scatter grids into container scanners.

• International Journal of Railway
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.124-126
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• 2009

Energy savings can be achieved with optimum energy consumptions, brake energy regeneration, efficient energy storage (onboard, line side), and primarily with light weight vehicles. Over the last few years, the rolling stock industry has experienced a marked increase in eco-awareness and needs for lower life cycle energy consumption costs. For rolling stock vehicle designers and engineers, weight has always been a critical design parameter. It is often specified directly or indirectly as contractual requirements. These requirements are usually expressed in terms of specified axle load limits, braking deceleration levels and/or demands for optimum energy consumptions. The contractual requirements for lower weights are becoming increasingly more stringent. Light weight vehicles with optimized strength to weight ratios are achievable through proven design processes. The primary driving processes consist of: $\bullet$ material selection to best contribute to the intended functionality and performance $\bullet$ design and design optimization to secure the intended functionality and performance $\bullet$ weight control processes to deliver the intended functionality and performance Aluminium has become the material of choice for modern light weight bodyshells. Steel sub-structures and in particular high strength steels are also used where high strength - high elongation characteristics out way the use of aluminium. With the improved characteristics and responses of composites against tire and smoke, small and large composite materials made components are also found in greater quantities in today's railway vehicles. Full scale hybrid composite rolling stock vehicles are being developed and tested. While an "overdesigned" bodyshell may be deemed as acceptable from a structural point of view, it can, in reality, be a weight saving missed opportunity. The conventional pass/fail structural criteria and existing passenger payload definitions promote conservative designs but they do not necessarily imply optimum lightweight designs. The weight to strength design optimization should be a fundamental design driving factor rather than a feeble post design activity. It should be more than a belated attempt to mitigate against contractual weight penalties. The weight control process must be rigorous, responsible, with achievable goals and above all must be integral to the design process. It should not be a mere tabulation of weights for the sole-purpose of predicting the axle loads and wheel balances compliance. The present paper explores and discusses the topics quoted above with a view to strengthen the recommendations and needs for the weight optimization by design approach as a pro-active design activity for the rolling stock industry at large.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 $CO_2$ 양생 효과를 극대화 할 수 있는 ${\gamma}-C_2S$와 MgO와 같은 $CO_2$ 흡수 물질을 혼입한 시멘트 페이스트의 $CO_2$ 양생 효과에 관한 연구를 위하여 W/B를 40%로 설정하고 혼화재료 ${\gamma}-C_2S$와 MgO를 90% 다량 치환하여 혼화재료, $CO_2$ 양생 유무에 따른 압축강도 측정, 미세 화학분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 $CO_2$ 양생으로 인해 Plain의 경우 약 1.08배~1.26배의 압축강도 증가 효과가 나타났으며 ${\gamma}-C_2S$와 MgO를 90% 치환한 ${\gamma}-C_2S$, MgO 실험체의 경우, 각각 14.56배~45.7배, 6.5배~10.37배 향상 효과가 나타났다. 이에 따라 미세 화학분석을 실시하여 다량의 $CaCO_3$, $MgCO_3$가 생성된 것을 확인하고 공극 감소의 효과를 확인하였다. 따라서 $CO_2$ 흡수물질 ${\gamma}-C_2S$, MgO를 다량 혼입한 시멘트 페이스트의 $CO_2$ 양생에 의한 압축강도 발현효과가 검증됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.752-757
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• 2017

새로운 공정으로 제작한 금속판재(MMC)가 운동에너지탄을 막는 부가방호구조로 적용가능성을 확인하기 위해 고속충돌시험 및 수치계산으로 평가연구를 수행하였다. 충돌속도는 1.3 km/s 이상에서 우선적으로 수직충돌상황만 고려하였다. 연강의 반무한판에 대한 침투깊이를 기준값으로 설정하고 새로운 부가장갑을 설치하는 경우에 대해 침투깊이 및 질량효율을 비교 검토하였다. MMC판재의 제작은 한국재료연구소에서 이루어졌으며, 이 재료에 대한 고속변형 물성은 포항공과대학에서 수행되었다. 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. (1) 연강 반무한판에 세라믹 판재를 부가하는 것만으로도 방호성능 감소 없이 중량이득이 나타난다. (2) 세라믹 판재 앞뒷면에 연성의 금속을 추가 부가하면 중량 증대 없이도 방호성능은 다소 증가하였다. 이는 세라믹을 감싸는 효과가 일부 나타난 것으로 판단된다. (3) 세라믹 판재 앞뒷면에 부가된 연성의 금속을 MMC로 변경한 경우 방호성능 감소 없이 방호성능이 추가적으로 다소 증대되었다. 이것은 단순 연성의 금속보다는 연성과 취성을 모두 지니는 MMC가 바람직한 역할을 수행하였다고 보인다. 즉 세라믹을 감싸는 encapsule 효과 및 탄 저지력이 우수한 세라믹의 취성이 동시에 나타남을 의미한다. (4) 마지막으로 현재의 자료만으로는 강화재로 SiC와 B4C중에 우열을 가리기에는 미소한 차이만 발생하기에 부족함이 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.25.1-25.10
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• 2018

Objectives: To evaluate the mechanical properties and metallurgical characteristics of the M3 Rotary and M3 Pro Gold files (United Dental). Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty new M3 Rotary and M3 Pro Gold files (sizes 20/0.04 and 25/0.04) were used. Torque and angle of rotation at failure (n = 20) were measured according to ISO 3630-1. Cyclic fatigue resistance was tested by measuring the number of cycles to failure in an artificial stainless steel canal ($60^{\circ}$ angle of curvature and a 5-mm radius). The metallurgical characteristics were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keuls test. Results: Comparing the same size of the 2 different instruments, cyclic fatigue resistance was significantly higher in the M3 Pro Gold files than in the M3 Rotary files (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the files in the maximum torque load, while a significantly higher angular rotation to fracture was observed for M3 Pro Gold (p < 0.05). In the DSC analysis, the M3 Pro Gold files showed one prominent peak on the heating curve and 2 prominent peaks on the cooling curve. In contrast, the M3 Rotary files showed 1 small peak on the heating curve and 1 small peak on the cooling curve. Conclusions: The M3 Pro Gold files showed greater flexibility and angular rotation than the M3 Rotary files, without decrement of their torque resistance. The superior flexibility of M3 Pro Gold files can be attributed to their martensite phase.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.524-530
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• 2019

연구목적: 본 논문에서는 3차원 해석프로그램을 활용하여 인터페이스 요소를 구성하고, 일반적인 부재의 특성치와 강도가 보강된 부재의 특성치 등의 실제 표현할 수 있는 물성조건을 적용하여 연결체의 복합거동 안정성을 평가하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 해석 모델은 비선형적인 재료 거동을 포함한 솔리드 요소(Solid Element)를 사용하여 빔 구조 및 원형 플랜지, 볼팅 시스템 등의 부재를 설계도면과 동일한 치수로 모델링을 완성하였고 각 부재는 하나의 복합거동연결체로 조립되는 과정에서 다른 요소유형(Element Type) 접촉면의 통일성과 매쉬(Mesh) 생성을 보다 효율적으로 제어하여 분할작업(Partition)을 수행하였으며 부재들에 활용된 강재는 Gr. 50 탄소강 재질로 모델링 하였다. 연구결과: 부재별 접촉 인접부위, 하중재하부위, 고정단 부위, 취약예상부위 등으로 하여 하중단계별 변위 및 변형, 응력상태 등을 나타내고, 유한요소 해석 후 복합거동연결체의 각 하중단계에서의 변위, 변형, 응력 등의 분포도로 영향을 검증하고 설계의 타당성을 확인하였다. 결론: 따라서 이 결과를 토대로 하여 마이크로 파일의 설계 지지력이 결정되면 복합거동 연결체의 취약 지점의 파악과 보강의 정도를 파악할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.