• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.177-186
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• 2013

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study theoretically reviews vertical grade deriving process in super high speed environment and compares overseas design criteria with Domestic Standardization also draws suitable vertical grade design criteria of high standard for Domestic Circumstances in Korea. METHODS : By researching domestic vehicle registration status, calculating typical vehicle, using Vissim which is traffic simulation program, Speed-distance curve of the vehicle is derived under each design speed condition. Through Speed-distance curve, estimating critical length of grade and considering critical length of grade, maximum longitudinal incline is proposed. RESULTS : The result of domestic vehicle registration status, the typical vehicle for deriving vertical grade is calculated based on gravity horsepower ratio 200 lb/hp. For calculating critical length of grade, according to change speed of uphill entry, speed-distance curve is derived by using Vissim. Critical length of grade is calculated based on design speed 20 km/h criteria which is point of retardation. Estimated critical length of grade is 808 m and based on this result, maximum longitudinal incline was confirmed in the design speed between 130km/h to 140km/h. CONCLUSIONS: The case of the typical vehicle(truck) which is gravity horsepower ratio 200 lb/hp, maximum longitudinal incline 2% is desirable at the super high speed environment in the design speed between 130km/h to 140km/h.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.158-166
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• 2014

Purpose. This study pursued the way for the effective application of the differentiated charge (Nursing grading system) by the nursing manpower which is performed for the nursing service quality improvement to the in-patients in Korea and the minimum employment problem solution of nurses. Methods. For this matter, the status of the nursing grade for 1,452 hospitals (44 high class general hospitals, 259 general hospitals, 265 hospitals, 59 oriental medicine hospitals and 825 recuperation hospitals) was identified which were registered in the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in March 2011 status quo. Results. In the most nursing grade by the kind of medical institutions, 70.5% of the nurses were third-graded in upper general hospitals, 38.1% were sixth graded in general hospitals, 62.7% were seventh-graded in oriental medicine hospitals and 40.4% were first-graded in recuperation hospitals. In the nursing grade by the scale of hospitals (in terms of the number of beds), there was a significant difference in general hospitals, but there was no significant difference between oriental medicine hospitals and recuperation hospitals. In the nursing grade by the location of hospitals and the foundation type of hospitals, there was a significant difference between general hospitals and recuperation hospitals. Conclusion. For the effectiveness of applying differentiated nursing fees by the number of nurses, it seems necessary to consider adjusting the present differentiated inpatient-charge system for the better so that small and medium-sized hospitals may induce more nurses.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.385-388
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• 2009

Objective : We analyzed the methylation status of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter in World Health Organization (WHO) grade III gliomas in association with other molecular markers to evaluate their prevalence. Methods : The samples of a total of 36 newly WHO grade III glioma patients including 19 anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AO), 7 anaplastic oligoastrocytomas (AOA), and 10 anaplastic astrocytomas (AA) were analyzed. The methylation status of the MGMT gene promoter was confirmed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The 1p/19q chromosomal deletion status and EGFR amplification were assessed by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization. MGMT, EGFR, EGFRvlll, and p53 expression were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Results : The MGMT gene promoter was methylated in 32 (88.9%) and unmethylated in 4 (11.2%) Among them, all of the AO and AOA had methylated MGMT gene promoter without exception. Significant associations between MGMT gene promoter hypermethylation and 1p/19q deletion was observed (p=0.003). Other molecular markers failed to show significant associations between MGMT gene promoter statuses. Conclusion : There was extensive epigenetic silencing of MGMT gene in high grade gliomas with oligodendroglial component. Together with frequent 1p/19q co-deletion in oligodendroglial tumors, this may add plausible explanations supporting the relative favorable prognosis in oligodendroglial tumors compared with pure astrocytic tumors.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.599-602
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of cytohistologic discrepancy of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in Pap smears and associated factors. Methods: Medical records of 223 women with HSIL Pap smears who were treated at Thammasat University Hospital were reviewed. Data on age, parity, menopausal status, contraceptive use and colposcopic directed biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) pathology results were recorded. Results: Mean (SD) age of patients was 38.0 (9.4) years. The majority were premenopausal (86.5%) and multiparous (83.9%). Cytohistologic discrepancy between the Pap test and colposcopic-directed biopsy histology was 45.7% and that between the Pap test and LEEP histology was 29.5%. Fifty-four (24.2%) women had no high-grade CIN on both colposcopic directed biopsy and LEEP. Nulliparity, postmenopausal status and having no oral contraceptive pills use were factors associated with cytohistologic discrepancy. Conclusion: The exact cytohistologic discrepancy rate was relatively high (24.2%). Factors associated with cytohistologic discrepancy were nulliparity and postmenopausal status and having no oral contraceptive pill use.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3363-3367
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is a major health issue worldwide as well as in Pakistan. All women belonging to any race, ethnicity or lineage are in danger of developing breast cancer. Significant factors influencing the development of breast malignancies are the genetic background, environmental conditions, reproductive parameters, the consequences of female hormones both intrinsic and extrinsic, alteration of immune status, and biologic determinants. Materials and Methods: Overall 150 biopsy proven patients were included in the study. Samples were submitted for histopathology and determination of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression and HER-2/neu status. Associations with other characteristics like age, tumor stage, node involvement, histological grade were also studied. Results: Mean age at presentation was 46.7 years. The majority had invasive ductal carcinoma, 100 (84.7%), and were in stage pT3, 54 (45.7%). Important relationships (P<0.05) were found among ER, PR positivity, and Her 2 neu overexpression. However, no noteworthy link was identified amongst ER, PR, Her 2 neu and tumor grade, stage, age, lymph node involvement except for the menopausal status. Conclusions: In summary, breast cancer patients featured an advanced stage of disease, more lymph node involvement, and moderately high grade tumors and with more estrogen, progesterone receptor and HER-2 positive tumors.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.25-36
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting of health screening among persons with disabilities. Method: The study examines the factors affecting of health screening using over 20 years of age who participated in the 2017 National survey of the disabled data. Subjects were 6,332 person with disabilities over 20 years of age. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, X2-test, multiple logistic regression with the SPSS win 21.0 program. Results: Health screening among persons with disabilities is differentiated with education level, marital status, Subjective House economic status, Health insurance, Economic activity, Type of disability, Grade of disability, Stress recognition, Depressive symptom, Suicidal thinking, Suicidal attempt, and grade of disability. The significant predictors of the health screening were age, Subjective House economic status, Economic activity, and Grade of disability. Conclusion: We should consider age, disability level, and economic level when developing a screening program for people with disabilities. Especially, the development and promotion of the health screening program for persons with disabilities and related education are required.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of 5th grade school children with iron depletion or iron depleted anemia with simultaneously assessing their general nutritional status. The anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and biochemical status of iron were measured for 261 school children from 5th grade residing in low income area of Pucheon. The mean height and weight of male were 138.7cm and 33.6kg respectively and were significantly lower than those of female. Mean fat percent, triceps skinfolds thickness and arm circumference were 21.4$\%$, 13.7mm and 22.2cm for female and were significantly higher than 19.1$\%$, 11.4mm, 21.4cm of male respectively. The intake on vitamin A and calcium were 46.4$\%$ and 47.7$\%$ of RDA for male and 36.6$\%$ and 44.9$\%$ for male respectively. The energy intake, carbohydrate, thiamin, niacin, ascorbic acid of male were significantly higher than those of female respectively. The mean daily intake of iron were 7.5mg for male and 7.3mg for female and were not significantly different. The mean biochemical indices of iron nutritional status were not significantly different between male and female expect free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP) and FEP : hemoglobin ratio. The proportion of male assessed by serum iron(<70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗), Hb($\%$), FEP(<70$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗RBC) were 25.4$\%$, 8.4$\%$. 0.8$\%$, 1.8$\%$ respectively and 23.2$\%$, 8.4$\%$, 3.4$\%$, 1.0$\%$ for female respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the attitude and recognition on how to describe the elderly of elementary school students. Methods: The subject of this study was total 806 students of 4, 5, 6 grade at 2 elementary schools in Gyunggi-do. The data were collected through self-reporting questionnaires for a month. Results: First, the score of attitude about the elderly was 107.8 and image score was the highest. Second, there were significant differences in the attitude about the elderly according to grade, birth order of siblings, domestic atmosphere, and economic status, domestic education on respect about the elderly, and education about the elderly at school. Third, there were significant differences in the attitude about the elderly according to parent-grandparent relationship, health and economic status of grandparents, meeting frequency with grandparents. Fourth, the score of word recognition about the elderly was 43.3 and social score was the highest. fifth, there were significant differences in recognition on how to describe the elderly according to grade, birth order of siblings of students and parents, domestic atmosphere, and economic status, domestic education on respect about the elderly. Sixth, there were significant differences in recognition on how to describe according to parent-grandparent relationship, health status and economic status of grandparents, meeting frequency with grandparents. Lastly, The attitude and recognition about the elderly showed significant positive relationship. Conclusion: We should provide qualitative education programs to improve the attitude and recognition about the elderly of elementary school students.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.323-350
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• 2011

Work ability is a fundamental factor to determine who are the recipients of disability benefits or employment services. Disability Grade based on medical impairments is used as a work ability assessment in Korea, but it has been heavily criticized that it does not assess disabled person's work ability adequately. This study tried to find out an index which explains employment status of disabled persons the best among four work ability assessment indexes of disability grade, level of ICF activity limitations and participation restriction, level of help needed with daily activities, and self-assessed health status. As a result, the level of ICF activity limitations and participation restriction explained the employment status the best, and help needed for daily activities is the second, disability grade is the third, and self-assessed health status is the last. In conclusion, level of ICF activity limitations and participation restriction is the best work ability assessment in Disabled People Pension and Employment Policy for Disabled People. Therefore, it is the basic premise to develop a new work ability assessment index which consists of items in ICF activity limitations and participation restriction.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2007

This purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for preventing dental caries, and maintaining and enhancing Oral health education. The subject of this study through the survey of the recognition of Oral health education, a questionnaire survey and dental experience and Pit and fissure sealant status was conducted for 334 male and female students who were in the 4th, 5th, 6th grade of elementary school in Ulsan city. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 11.5 with t-test, ANOVA and correlation. The obtained results were as follows 1. Experience caries on permanent teeth was male score of 58.0% and female score of 42.0% and an everage score of 52.7% very low. 2. The students who were in the 4th, 5th, 6th grade of elementary school Experience caries on permanent teeth is grad higher(p=0.000). Pit and fissure sealant of teeth number and teeth surface status by grad higher(pE0.016, p=0.000). 3. Oral health knowledge and behavior is significantly related to status(p=0.001), behavior and Daily tooth brushing frequency was significantly related to status(p=0.000). But experience caries on permanent teeth and Oral health knowledge and behavior beween wasn't significantly related to status.