• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.158-168
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• 2005

In this study, the discharging effluents from have been 9 municipal wastewater treatment plants surveyed for 1 year-period. Statistics including probability distribution, cumulative occurrence concentration and other statistical parameters were presented. In addition, treatment performance and its stability were also discussed. Most of the plants, have an operational problem of high soluble organic content in the secondary effluent which may be associated with the integrated treatment of human and livestock manures. Nitrogen concentration in the effluents were usually higher during the period of summer and winter. It was found that this is mainly due to lack of the proper C/N ratio during the summer, or/and the effects of low temperature and less dilution by dry weather during the winter. Phosphorus concentration is sharply increased in June. Discussion with plant operators told that it is due to the dissolution of phosphate from the sludge accumulated in the primary settling tanks from the early spring to june. During this period, usually, sludge treatment line is highly overloaded with flush-outs of the sediments also stored in the bottom of combined sewer due to the low flow during winter season. Most of the plants can meet new effluent discharge limits of the nitrogen and phosphorus, and total coliform without further treatment.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 1996

This study was performed to compare the TMJ sounds by means of vibration-related items by Sonopak such as integral, high integral, above 300/(0-300) ratio, peak amplitude, peak frequency and median frequency before and after occlusa1 splint therapy as well as counselling, physical modalities. For this study 22 patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMDs) were selected and examined by routine diagnostic procedure for CMDs including Transcranial and Panoramic radiographs and were classified into 3 CMDs subgroups : disc displacement with reduction, disc displacement without reduction, and degenerative joint disease. Visual analogue scale (VAS) about joint sound was recorded during treatment period and VAS treatment index (VAS Ti) was calculated from the VAS data and treatment duration. The author evaluated and compared treatment results by several parmeters such as symptom duration, timing of joint sound, parafunctional habits, trauma, and diagnostic classification. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Before the treatment, the highest value of peak amplitude was observed in disc displacement with reduction group and value of median frequency was highest in degenerative joint disease group. In addition the highest values of peak frequency and ratio ware observed in degenerative joint disease group, though they were not significant. Furthermore the lowest value of high integral was observed in disc displacement without reduction group and though it was not significant, value of integral was lowest in that group. 2. Among 3CMDs subgroups disc displacement with reduction group showed the significantly decreased value of high integral and degenerative joint disease group had the significantly decreased value of integral after conservative treatment including occlusal splint therapy. Conclusively conservative treatment including occlusal splint therapy vay be effective in the treatment of CMDs including TMJ sound. 3. Fair prognosis for conservative treatment was observed in acute group under 6 months than chronic group, 6 months over in symptom duration but there was no statistical difference. The result for conservative treatment was observed slightly poor in subjects with bruxism, clenching, unilateral chewing habit and trauma history but there were no statistical differences.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 2017

Effects on skin caused by the dose from linear accelerator (LINAC) opposing portal irradiation and TomoDirect 3-D modeling treatment according to the radiation devices and treatment methods were measured, and a comparative analysis was performed. Two groups of 10 patients each were created and measurements were carried out using an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. These patients were already receiving radiation treatment in the hospital. Using the SPSS statistical program, the minimum and maximum average standard deviations of the measured skin dose data were obtained. Two types of treatment method were selected as independent variables; the measured points and total average were the dependent variables. An independent sample T-test was used, and it was checked whether there was a significance probability between the two groups. The average of the measured results for the LINAC opposing portal radiation was 117.7 cGy and PDD 65.39% for the inner breast, 144.7 cGy and PDD 80.39% for the outer breast, 143.2 cGy and PDD 79.56% for the upper breast, 151.4 cGy and PDD 84.11% for the lower breast, 149.6 cGy and PDD 83.11% for the axilla, and 141.32 cGy and PDD 78.51% for the total average. In contrast, for TomoDirect 3-D conformal radiotherapy, the corresponding measurement values were 137.6 cGy and PDD 76.44%, 152.3 cGy and PDD 84.61%, 148.6 cGy and PDD 82.56%, 159.7 cGy and PDD 88.72%, and 148.6 cGy PDD 82.56%, respectively, and the total average was 149.36 cGy and PDD 82.98%. To determine if the difference between the total averages was statistically significant, the independent sample T-test of the SPSS statistical program was used, which indicated that the P-value was P=0.024, which was 0.05 lower than the significance level. Thus, it can be understood that the null hypothesis can be dismissed, and that there was a difference in the averages. In conclusion, even though the treatment dose was similar, there could be a difference in the dose entering the body surface from the radiation treatment plan; however, depending on the properties of the treatment devices, there is a difference in the dose affecting the body surface. Thus, the absorbed dose entering the body surface can be high. During breast cancer radiotherapy, radiation dermatitis occurs in almost all patients. Most patients have a difficult time while undergoing treatment, and therefore, when choosing a radiotherapy treatment method, minimizing radiation dermatitis is an important consideration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.303-312
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• 2017

The central goal of Gamma Knife radiosurgery(GKRS) is to maximize the conformity of the prescription isodose surface, and to minimize the radiation effect of the normal tissue surrounding the target volume. There are the various kinds of indices related with the quality of treatment plans such as conformity index, coverage, selectivity, beam-on time, gradient index(GI), and conformity/gradient index(CGI). As the best treatment plan evaluation tool, we must check by all means conformity index, GI, and CGI among them. Specially, GI and CGI related with complication of healthy normal tissue is more indispensible than conformity index. Then author calculated and statistically analysed CGI, the newly defined conformity/gradient index as well as GI being applied widely using the treatment planning system Leksell GammaPlan(LGP) and the verification method Variable Ellipsoid Modeling Technique(VEMT). In the study 10 patients with intracranial lesion treated by GKRS were included. Author computed the indices from LGP and VEMT requiring only four parameters: the prescribed isodose volume, the volume with dose > 30%, the target volume, and the volume of half the prescription isodose. All data were analyzed by paired t-test, which is statistical method used to compare two different measurement techniques. No statistical significance in GI at 10 cases was observed between LGP and VEMT. Differences in GI ranged from -0.14 to 0.01. The newly defined gradient index calculated by two methods LGP and VEMT was not statistically significant either. Author did not find out the statistical difference for the prescribed isodose volume between LGP and VEMT. CGI as the evaluation index for determining the best treatment plan is not significant statistically also. Differences in CGI ranged from -4 to 3. Similarly newly defined Conformity/Gradient index for GKRS was also estimated as the metric for the evaluation of the treatment plans through statistical analysis. Statistical analyses demonstrated that VEMT was in excellent agreement with LGP when considering GI, new gradient index, CGI, and new CGI for evaluating the best plans of GKRS. Due to the application of the fast and easy evaluation tool through LGP and VEMT author hopes CGI and newly defined CGI as well as gradient indices will be widely used.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2009

Porous materials were manufactured by hydrothermal treatment of waste bottle glass without foam agent. Factorial design was applied to analyze data by statistical methods and deal with the important factors for a process. The largest effect for porosity was for temperature of hydrothermal treatment. Amount of water and temperature-water interaction appeared to have little effect. The particle size of raw material was also identified as a major factor by one-way ANOVA and the porosity decreased as the size increased. The sintering temperature was not statistically significant for the porosity but was significant for the pore size. The porous material had compressive strength and thermal conductivity comparing with those of ALC (autoclaved lightweight concrete), although it has higher porosity than for ALC.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.529-536
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was designed to identify the effect of auriculotherapy on low abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea in school-aged girls. Methods: This design was a pre and post-test with nonequivalent groups. The subjects were 71 girls who were middle school students with dysmenorrheal (35 students for the treatment group and 36 students for the comparison group). The subjects of the treatment group received auriculotherapy once a week for 10 weeks. The comparison group received instruction on auriculotherapy and was requested waiting for the order. Results: The treatment group reported significantly less low abdominal pain than the comparison group. However, there were not statistical differences in reported dysmenorrhea. In future analysis, 60.0% of the treatment group reported more physical comfort, and 45.7% reported more emotional cool down. Conclusion: The finding indicate that auriculotherapy could be effective in decreasing low abdominal pain during menstrual periods. Therefore, auriculotherapy could be an effective nursing intervention for low abdominal pain occurring during mensuration. However, further studies need to be done to support auriculotherapy as effective.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.187-199
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study was to measure the expectation of patients visiting the Korean medical hospital for treatment from traffic accident (TA). Methods The data were collected with a questionnaire for about 1 year. The subjects were 39 patients who hospitalized in Korean Medical Hospital after TA. All data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) program to analyze. Results Acupuncture (8.36) had the highest expectation degree which was followed by Herbalmedicine (8.32), Pharmocoacupuncture (8.14). There were no significant differences in the expectation degree with sex, age, education, occupation. The patients who had experienced Korean medicine treatment had high expectation degree in Pharmocoacupuncture and Herbalmedicine. And the expectation was different significantly (p<0.05). Conclusions The expectation of TA patients was high in Acupucture and Herbalmedicine. The group experienced korean medical treatment before had high degree of expectation in Palmacoacupuncture and Herbalmedicine.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.102-106
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• 2004

Objective of this research was to investigate the effect of fertigation setting point such as -5, -10, -20, and -30 ㎪ on the growth and fruit quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in greenhouse culture. The net $CO_2$ assimilation and transpiration rate were the lowest in the treatment of -30㎪. The pH and EC in soil solution were not severly affected by irrigation setting point and no statistical differences were observed among treatments of irrigation setting point tested. The N content of above ground plant tissue was the lowest in the treatment of -30 ㎪ and those of K, Ca, and Mg were the highest in the treatment of -10 ㎪. But that of P did not show statistical differences among treatments tested. As the fertigation setting point was getting low, the growth decreased at 60th day after planting, while there were no differences among treatments at 210th day after planting. The fruit quality except sugar contents did not show differences among treatments, but sugar contents was the highest in the treatment of -30 ㎪ with $8.0^{\circ}$Brix. Above results indicated that fertigation setting point should be in the range from -10 ㎪ to -20 ㎪ to ensure good crop growth and fruit quality in sweet pepper production.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.415-428
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• 1995

The author studied on the 115 cases of the ameloblastoma which had been diagnosed with biopsy during the period of 1962 to 1994 at the Kyungpook National University Hospital, Pusan National University Hospital, Youngnam University Hospital, Keimyung University Hospital, Catholic Medical School Hospital, and Maryknol Hospital. This study contains the statistical analysis of the clinico-pathological findings such as sex, age, location, chief complaint, duration,treatment method, size, recurrence and impacted teeth in relation to radiographic findings. The results were as follows : 1. The incidence rate was 60% in male and 40% in female. 2. At the time of diagnosis, the age of the patients ranged from 9 to 69 years old (average 31.4 years old). The cases of 73% were in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th decades of life. 3. The majority of cases, 88.7% occurred in the mandible, especially 59% in the mandibular angle area. 4. The most prevalent chief complaint of swelling was 56.5%. 5. As regards duration, the cases less than 12 months appeared 49.5%, and average duration is 30.45months. 6. Unilocular radiographic findings showed 43.5%, Multilocular radiographic findings appeared 56.5%. 7. Conservative treatment was performed 40.0%, and radical treatment was employed 60.0%. 8. There was the variation of lesional sizes between 2.0cm and 15cm, average size 6.19cm. 9. Recurrent cases were 28.7%, and impacted teeth were shown 30.43%. 10. The radiographic finding has no relationship with the factors of age, location, chief complaint, recurrence and impacted teeth, however there is slight indication that the below 30-year-old patient tend to be related to the multilocular type. 11. The multilocular radiographic findings were shown more frequently in the groups of females, over average of 30.45 months, over average size of 6.19cm and radical treatment.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2013

Objectives This study investigated the effect of korean medicine treatment with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) on Lumbal sprain patients by comparing with other herbal medicines. Methods 17 lumbar sprain patients of group treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) were treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang), acupunture, cupping, oriental physical therapy. 13 lumbar sprain patients of group treated with other herbal medicines were treated with 9 prescriptions of herbal medicine, acupunture, cupping, oriental physical therapy. ODI (Oswestry diability index), VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) were checked to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. Results 1) ODI, VAS of patients treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) were all improved and there were statistical significance (p<0.05). 2) VAS of group treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) and that of group treated with other herbal medicines were all improved significantly. And treatment period of group treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) was shorter than that of group treated with other herbal medicines. But there was no statistical significance between VAS of group treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) and that of group treated with other herbal medicines. 3) In comparing medical history period on group treated with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang), ODI, VAS of hyper-acute phase group and acute phase group were improved but them of sub-acute phase group were less improved. Conclusions According to the study, korean complex therapy with Dokhwal-tang (Duhuo-tang) might improve acute lumbar sprain.