• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.175-210
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• 2012

As London and post-Koyto protocols presumably affect emission of organic waste in Korea in 2012, appropriate treatment of organic waste becomes very important. Organic wastes are regarded as non-point pollutants. It has been criticized that direct emission charges on the emission of non-point pollutants are not effective due to the high uncertainty in the relationship between pollution sources and pollution levels. This study suggests indirect emission charges on production of livestocks or consumption on foods. Furthermore, it is assumed that revenue from the emission charges will be recycled to support biogas production. Biogas can be fueled to produce energy. In order to evaluate potential economic and environmental impacts of recycling the indirect emission charges on organic wastes, a static CGE model was developed. Simulation results of emission charges on the production of livestock show that livestock, agriculture, and food industry will confront relatively high burden while emission charges on consumption of food will affect more broadly and consumers will suffer more. Production charge on livestock sector will lead to higher reduction in GDP and total expenditure relative to the consumption charge. GHGs reduction effect was higher for the consumption charge relative to the production charge. Synthetically, consumption charge on food sector is more desirable as an alternative charge for the emission of organic wastes.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.175-193
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• 2010

This paper has two objectives. One is to understand status of the distribution industry in Korea and compare it with industrialized countries. The other is an attempt to apply input-output(I-O) analysis to investigate the economic impacts of the distribution industry in the national economy for the year 2008. In the economy as a whole, the distribution industry represented about around 15 per cent employment and accounted for near 8 percent in GDP. The employment portion of the distribution in overall industry is almost same that of US, UK, and Japan, but shared portion in GDP is at least 3 per cent below these countries. Next, a static I-O framework is employed, focusing on two topics in its application. First, the impacts of the product or investment in the distribution industry on the product, value-added, and employment of other sectors are explored by using demand-driven model. Second, the national economic impacts of the distribution industry in Korea are looked into by using open model and inter-industry analysis. It can be summarized that the distribution industry has a high production-inducing effect, more worker and employment-inducing effect, a high forward and a low backward linkage effect. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.45-59
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the static and dynamic change of wage differentials of women with disabilities in the Seoul local labor market. This study attempts to explain the double discrimination mechanism for disabled women and empirically gender discrimination and disability discrimination for them by using Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition analysis. In addition, using Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition analysis. we analyze the wage differentials caused by the changed characteristics of disabled women and structures of discrimination at the Seoul local labor market. Data from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled and Korean Labor and Income Panel Study for two years (2008, 2012) are used. According to the result, wage differentials of disabled women caused by disability discrimination is approximately 55% of total wage discrimination, whereas 45% is caused by gender discrimination during the period. Both observed and unobserved components move in the same direction to narrow wage differentials due to the disability discrimination and gender discrimination. Also the endowments in the Seoul local labor market about the changes of observed and unobserved components contribute more to narrow gender wage differentials, while these endowments widen disability wage differentials.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.39-49
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• 2017

Purpose - This study is to propose a creative idea for constant business growth and development by examining characteristics of business outcomes by phase, which are "growth" and "erosion and stagnation," respectively. Research design, data, methodology - It is necessary to identify an occurrence of crisis and its diffusion with a dynamic model in order to identify a success and failure of businesses in an organic way, not on a binary structure. The static perspective is to understand a crisis as a simply one-time event or as a linear causation. Thus, it has a limited understanding of the overall situation and has limits to investigating a foundational cause and developing long-term countermeasures. On the contrary, the dynamic perspective is to understand the crisis as circulation process of the overall system. Thus, it divides elements of the crisis as external and internal ones to understand it as the causal relationship of each element. Results - During the growth period of Burger King, the company promoted its brand very successfully with aggressive and creative marketing activities. However, due to the founder's disposal of management rights and the following changes in the management, the company had no choice but to lose focus on its business philosophy and brand management, and eventually it had to face the big crisis (resonance) which was delisting from the stock market because of the external threat; well-being trend. However, Burger King resumed lifting on the stock exchange by making great efforts to clearly identify the current issues and seek solutions. Under the spirit of "perseverance" and its slogan "Have it your way" the company is now going head to head with McDonald's in the North American region and emerging countries. Conclusions - Then, what is the most crucial factor in the success and failure of businesses? Answers may vary, however, as learned from the case study of Burger King, corporations should inspect the present and focus on developing a long-term strategy for the future and actively fulfill the actions. McDonald's may not be able to innovate by itself in the future as it may become routinized to the growth. There will be chances of winning if we change conditions of individuals or organizations to an organic system in terms of being creative. There is a hopeful message here that an individual or small business may have more advantages in the era of the idea and innovation.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.294-303
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• 1999

With the breakthrough development of computing environment, the design phases have been changed a lot nowadays. In the case of prior phases of transportation design such as cars and forklift-trucks design, designers have depended on surveys and 2D line drawings for fixing a product layout and extracting ergonomic data. In this method, designers don't meet only the problem of reliability of measuring data but also, the problems of unknown situation of operators' fatigue and comfort in work situation. In these methods, it has much less creditability to have a 2D human model to check the real world motion due to the limitation of the 3 Dimension. Even though with a 2D human model, perfect layout is determined, it is still difficult to measure about comfort and fatigue for a user because it measuring an analysing method is static. The development of computer hardware and software have not only changed the flow in the social-wide range but also immerged design into Virtual Environment. In conventional design method, visualization and data transferring have been the main issues but, in virtual environment, determining of design layout and analysing ergonomic data with sophisticated feeling about comfort and fatigue are possible by using 3D virtual human. In this study, the general characteristics of virtual environment was discussed and the possibility of digital process of design was treated. For these studies, layout design for forklift-trucks was tested. Eventually, the merits of each design phase applied virtual environment are discussed.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.1_2
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• pp.30-41
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• 2002

We focus on the mobile agents which are considered as new paradigm to solve information retrieval of large volumes of data in the distributed and heterogeneous environment. The mobile agent moves the computation to data instead of large volumes of data to computations. In this paper, we propose an information retrieval model, which can effectively search data in the distributed and heterogeneous environment, using mobile agents. Our model is applied to the design and implementation of an Q&A(Question and Answer) retrieval system. Our Q&A retrieval system, called QASSMA(Q&A Search System using Mobile Agents), uses mobile agents to retrieve articles from Q&A boards and newsgroups that exist in the heterogeneous and distributed environment. QASSMA has the following features and advantages. First, the mobile retrieval agent moves to the destination server to retrieve articles to reduce the retrieval time by eliminating data traffics from the server to the client host. Also it can reduce the traffic that was occurred in the centralized network system, and reduce the usage of resources by sending its agent and running in the destination host. Finally, the mobile retrieval agent of QASSMA can add and update dynamically the class file according to its retrieval environment, and support other retrieval manner. In this paper, we have shown that our Q&A retrieval system using mobile agents is more efficient than the retrieval system using static agents by our experiments.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.5 no.12
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• pp.455-462
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• 2016

Wireless sensor networks have been researched to gather data about events on sensor fields from sources at sinks. Multipath routing is one of attractive approaches to reliably send data against the problem of frequent breakages on paths from sources to sinks due to node and link failures. As mobile events such as humans, animals, and vehicles are considered, sources may be continuously generated according to the movement of the mobile event. Thus, mobile events provide new challenging issue in multipath routing. However, the research on multipath routing mainly focus on both efficient multipath construction from sources to static sinks and fast multipath reconstruction against path breakages. Accordingly, the previous multipath routing protocols request each source continuously generated by a mobile event to construct individual multipath from the source to sinks. This induces the increase of multipath construction cost in the previous protocols in proportion to the number of source. Therefore, we propose efficient multipath routing protocol for supporting continuous sources generated by mobile events. In the proposed protocol, new source efficiently reconstructs its multipath by exploiting the existing multipath of previous sources. To do this, the proposed protocol selects one among three reconstruction methods: a local reconstruction, a global partial one, and a global full one. For a selection decision, we provide an analytical energy consumption cost model that calculates the summation of both the multipath reconstruction cost and the data forwarding cost. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has better performance than the previous protocol to provide multipath routing for mobile events.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1989

Multicellular tumor spheroids of HeLa cells have been grown in a static culture system. Samples of spheroids were exposed for 2 h to graded concentration of cis-platinum and its analogue, carboplatin, and then response assayed by survival of clonogenic cells. The purpose of present experiment is to clarify the effectiveness of these platinum compounds and to evaluate intrinsic radiosensitivity of cells using spheroids of HeLa cells as an experimental in vitro model. Variations of the drug sensitivity of monolayers as well as spheroids were also evaluated in cell-survival curves. In cis-platinum concentration-survival curve, there was a large shoulder extending as far as $Cq=3.4{\mu}M$, after which there was exponential decrease in survival curve having a Co Value of $1.2{\mu}M$ in spheroids. While the Co for the spheroids was essentially no significant change, but Cq value was larger than that of monolayers. This suggest that the effect of cis-platinum is greater En the monolayer with actively proliferaing cells than hypoxic one. In the carboplatin concentration-survival curves, the Co value of spheroids was $15.0{\mu}M$ and the ratio with the Co from monolayer cell $(32.5{\mu}M)$ was 0.40, thus indicating that the spheroids had a greater sensitivity to carboplatin than monolayers. Therefore, the effect of carboplatin is mainly on the deeper layers of spheroids acting as hypoxic cell sensitizer. The enhanced effect was obtained for monolayer cells using combined X-ray and carboplatin treatment 2 hours before irradiation. The result shown in isobologram analysis for the level of surviving fraction at 0.01 indicated that the effect of two agents was trusty supra-additive. From this experimental data, carboplatin has excited much recent interest as one of the most promising, since it is almost without nephrotoxicity and causes less gastrointestinal toxicity than cis-platinum. Interaction between carboplatin and radiation might play an important role for more effective local tumor control.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.53-59
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• 2016

Recently, huge stream data have been generated in real time from various applications such as wireless sensor networks, Internet of Things services, and social network services. For this reason, to develop an efficient method have become one of significant issues in order to discover useful information from such data by processing and analyzing them and employing the information for better decision making. Since stream data are generated continuously and rapidly, there is a need to deal with them through the minimum access. In addition, an appropriate method is required to analyze stream data in resource limited environments where fast processing with low power consumption is necessary. To address this issue, the sliding window model has been proposed and researched. Meanwhile, one of data mining techniques for finding meaningful information from huge data, pattern mining extracts such information in pattern forms. Frequency-based traditional pattern mining can process only binary databases and treats items in the databases with the same importance. As a result, frequent pattern mining has a disadvantage that cannot reflect characteristics of real databases although it has played an essential role in the data mining field. From this aspect, high utility pattern mining has suggested for discovering more meaningful information from non-binary databases with the consideration of the characteristics and relative importance of items. General high utility pattern mining methods for static databases, however, are not suitable for handling stream data. To address this issue, sliding window based high utility pattern mining has been proposed for finding significant information from stream data in resource limited environments by considering their characteristics and processing them efficiently. In this paper, we conduct various experiments with datasets for performance evaluation of sliding window based high utility pattern mining algorithms and analyze experimental results, through which we study their characteristics and direction of improvement.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.331-350
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• 2011

This paper analyzes balance of goods for a panel data of 56 industry classification in the MTI from 1980 to 2009. This study also develops the equilibrium adjustment process, which is a trade-off between the adjustment costs towards equilibrium costs for balance of goods and the cost of being in disequilibrium. In this framework, the GMM estimation procedure is used to estimate this dynamic panel model consistently. It is found that equilibrium balances of goods in Korean adjust to the speed is very slow to 0.0389. because of this is necessary to adjust the equilibrium goods balance as the cost of goods balance deficit is larger than by the cost. In addition, the real income elasticity for goods balance of resin in Japan and Korea, the real income elasticity 4.38168 and -0.835225, respectively, the marks were consistent with economic theory. The exchange rate elasticity of goods balance in japan to 0.478435 were found in the inelastic.