• 제목/요약/키워드: State of matter

검색결과 642건 처리시간 0.028초

Evolution of the Vortex Melting Line with Irradiation Induced Defects

  • Kwok, Wai-Kwong;L. M. Paulius;Christophe Marcenat;R. J. Olsson;G. Karapetrov
    • Progress in Superconductivity
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.5-12
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    • 2001
  • Our experimental research focuses on manipulating pinning deflects to alter the phase diagram of vortex matter, creating new vortex phases. Vortex matter offers a unique opportunity for creating and studying these novel phase transitions through precise control of thermal, pinning and elastic energies. The vortex melting transition in untwinned YB $a_2$C $u_3$ $O_{7-}$ $\delta$/ crystals is investigated in the presence of disorder induced by particle irradiation. We focus on the low disorder regime, where a glassy state and a lattice state can be realized in the same phase diagram. We follow the evolution of the first order vortex melting transition line into a continuous transition line as disorder is increased by irradiation. The transformation is marked by an upward shift in the lower critical point on the melting line. With columnar deflects induced by heavy ion irradiation, we find a second order Bose glass transition line separating the vortex liquid from a Bose glass below the lower critical point. Furthermore, we find an upper threshold of columnar defect concentration beyond which the lower critical point and the first order melting line disappear together. With point deflect clusters induced by proton irradiation, we find evidence for a continuous thermodynamic transition below the lower critical point..

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Prediction of Carcass Fat, Protein, and Energy Content from Carcass Dry Matter and Specific Gravity of Broilers

  • Wiernusz, C.J.;Park, B.C.;Teeter, R.G.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.42-48
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    • 1999
  • Three experiments were conducted to develop and test equations for predicting carcass composition. In the first study using 52 d-old Cobb ${\times}$ Cobb male broilers, twenty four carcasses were selected from 325 processed birds based upon visual appraisal for abdominal fat (low, medium, high) and assayed for specific gravity (SG), dry matter (DM), fat, protein, and ash. In experiment 2, 120 birds were fed rations containing 2 caloric densities (2,880 and $3,200kcal\;ME_n/kg$ diet) and assayed as described above on weeks 2,3,4,5, and 6. Carcass fat was elevated (p < 0.05) with increased caloric density. In both studies predictive variables were significantly correlated with chemically determined carcass fat, protein, and ash contents. Pooled across the 2 studies, data were used to form SG, DM, and or age based equations for predicting carcass composition. Results were tested in experiment 3, where 576 birds reared to 49-d consumed either 2,880, 3,200, or $3,574kcal\;ME_n/kg$ diet while exposed to constant $24^{\circ}C$ or cycling 24 to $35^{\circ}C$ ambient temperatures. Both dietary and environmental effects impacted (p < 0.05) carcass composition. The fat content analyzed chemically was enhanced from 12.4 to 15.7%, and predicted fat was also elevated from 13.4 to 14.8% with increasing caloric density. Heat distress reduced (p < 0.05) analyzed carcass protein (18.9 vs 18.3%) and predicted protein (18.2 vs 17.5%). Predicted equation values for carcass fat, protein, ash, and energy were correlated with the chemically analyzed values at r=0.96, 0.77, 0.86, and 0.79, respectively. Results suggest that prediction equations based on DM and SG may be used to estimate carcass fat, protein, ash, and energy contents of broilers consuming diets that differ in caloric density (2,800 to $3,574kcal\;ME_n/kg$) and for broilers exposed to either constant ($24^{\circ}C$) or cycling high (24 to $35^{\circ}C$) ambient temperatures during 49-d rearing period tested in the present study.

Prediction of Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Content of Rice Bran Fed to Growing Pigs

  • Shi, C.X.;Liu, Z.Y.;Shi, M.;Li, P.;Zeng, Z.K.;Liu, L.;Huang, C.F.;Zhu, Z.P.;Li, D.F.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제28권5호
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    • pp.654-661
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    • 2015
  • Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of 19 rice bran samples and to develop prediction equations for DE and ME based on their chemical composition. The 19 rice bran samples came from different rice varieties, processing methods and regions. The basal diet was formulated using corn and soybean meal (74.43% corn and 22.91% soybean meal and 2.66% vitamins and minerals). The 19 experimental diets based on a mixture of corn, soybean meal and 29.2% of each source of rice bran, respectively. In Exp. 1, 108 growing barrows ($32.1{\pm}4.2kg$) were allotted to 1 of 18 treatments according to a completely randomized design with 6 pigs per treatment. The treatment 1 was the control group which was fed with basal diet. The treatments 2 to 18 were fed with experimental diets. In Exp. 2, two additional rice bran samples were measured to verify the prediction equations developed in Exp. 1. A control diet and two rice bran diets were fed to 18 growing barrows ($34.6{\pm}3.5kg$). The control and experimental diets formulations were the same as diets in Exp. 1. The results showed that the DE ranged from 14.48 to 16.85 (mean 15.84) MJ/kg of dry matter while the ME ranged from 12.49 to 15.84 (mean 14.31) MJ/kg of dry matter. The predicted values of DE and ME of the two additional samples in Exp. 2 were very close to the measured values.

Effects of Alfalfa and Brown Mid-rib Corn Silage and Level of Forage Neutral Detergent Fiber on Animal Performance of Lactating Cows in Michigan

  • Min, Doo-Hong;Bucholtz, Herb;Naasz, Paul
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.373-377
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    • 2007
  • Alfalfa silage and corn silage are the major dairy feeds in most dairy operations in Michigan, USA. In recent years, the need to improve digestible fiber and dry matter intake of forages to meet the nutrient requirements of high yielding dairy cows and the willingness to plant corn specifically for silage has led plant breeders to focus on the brown mid-rib (BMR) trait. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different ratio of alfalfa to BMR corn silage and ration level of forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on animal performance of lactating cows in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This study was conducted at the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station of Michigan State University in Chatham, Michigan, USA. Two different ratios of forage type (high alfalfa silage/low BMR corn silage, AS, and high BMR corn silage/low alfalfa silage, BMRCS) and two different dietary NDF contents (27% NDF, 27 = low forage/high grain feeding, and 33% NDF, 33 = high forage/low grain feeding) were used. The experimental design was a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square with 20 milking cows (12 multiparous and 8 primiparous). This trial had four 21-day periods with 14 d adaptation and 7 d data collection. Milk yield and body condition score (BCS) on the AS-27, BMRCS-27 and BMRCS-33 treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than on the AS-33 treatment. Dry matter intake of the AS-27 and BMRCS-27 treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than for the AS-33 and BMRCS-33 treatments. Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) on the AS-33 treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than on the other diet treatments. A key finding of this study was that the BMRCS-33 (higher amounts of brown mid-rib corn silage than alfalfa silage, high forage and low grain feeding diet at 33% NDF) led to the equal highest milk production whilst having the equal lowest dry matter intake. This study demonstrated that the diet with higher ratio of highly digestible NDF forage such as brown mid-rib corn silage to alfalfa silage could lower grain feeding in the ration.

Preliminary Study on the Measurement of the Electrostatic Charging State of PM2.5 Collected on Filter Media

  • Okuda, Tomoaki;Yoshida, Tetsuro;Gunji, Yuma;Okahisa, Shunichi;Kusdianto, K.;Gen, Masao;Sato, Seiichi;Lenggoro, I. Wuled
    • Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.137-145
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    • 2015
  • This study focused on the measurement of the actual charging state of ambient aerosol particles, which is important for understanding the intricate process of adverse health effects caused by particulate matter (PM). The net electrostatic charging state of $PM_{2.5}$ collected on filter media was measured in this study. The Faraday cage method and surface potential measurements were used in this study. The results showed that the polarities of the net charging state measured using these two methods were in agreement for 42 out of 48 samples (87.5%), and 36 samples (75%) were negatively charged. The filters were not significantly charged by friction between the filters and air not containing PM. Charge addition to or leakage from the filters was not observed over a two-month storage period. Net charging state of $PM_{2.5}$ collected on the filters was concluded to be negative in most cases, based on data's support of the assumption that aerosol charging state is not altered by the process of PM collection using filter.

7학년 과학 교과 생명 및 물질 영역의 과학 학습 개념의 수준 분석 (Analysis of Level of Science Learning Concepts Presented in Life and Matter Fields of the 7th Grade Science Textbooks)

  • 심규철;박종석;김현섭;김재현;박영철;류해일
    • 한국과학교육학회지
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.432-443
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    • 2002
  • 본 연구는 제 7차 교육과정에 따른 7학년 과학 교과서 생물 및 물질 영역에 제시된 과학 개념을 구체적 개념 수준과 형식적 개념 수준으로 나누어 비교 분석 하였다. 분석 교과서는 검정되어 현재 학교에서 사용되고 있는 6종을 대상으로 하였으며, 생명 영역의 '생물의 구성', '소화와 순환', '호흡과 배설', 물질 영역의 '물질의 세 가지 상태', '분자의 운동', '상태변화와 에너지' 단원 등 총 6개 단원의 과학 개념을 분석하였다. 7학년 과학교과서에 제시된 총 개념의 수는 생명 영역에서 305개, 물질 영역이 73개로 물질 영역 보다 생명에서 훨씬 많은 개념이 제시된 것으로 조사되었다. 교과서별로는 제시된 개념의 수가 다소 차이를 보였는데, 생명 역역에서는 179${\sim}$201개, 물질 영역은 33${\sim}$39개로 나타났다. 각 영역별로 구체적 개념과 형식적 개념의 비율을 살펴보면, 생명 영역은 각각 58%, 42%, 물질 영역은 각가 14%, 86%로 영역에 따라 극명한 차이를 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. 이는 교육과정 및 교과서 개발 시 학습자의 인지 수준을 고려한 과학 개념의 제시 또는 교과 영역의 특서엥 따라 단원 구성에 있어서 차별화 해야함을 시사한다고 하겠다.

남산 삼림 토양에서의 효소 활성도와 중금속 함량에 관한 연구 (Studies on the Enzyme Activities and Heavy metals of Forest Soil in Mt. Nam. Seoul)

  • 이인숙;박진성;김옥경;조경숙
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • 제21권5_3호
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    • pp.695-702
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    • 1998
  • This study was carried out to investigate to determine seasonal variation of dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, adenosine tri-phosphate content and some physicochemical properties, such as soil pH, moisture content, organic matter and several heavy metal concentrations from Apr. 1997 to jan. 1998 in Pinus densiflora and Quercus mongolica forest in Mt. Nam, to explain a relationship between enzyme activity and the soil factors. There were ranges of 4.03-4.65 in soil pH, 18.65-51.09% in moisture content and 6.69-95.95% in orgainc matter. The organic matter content decreased with soil horizon, showing the higher values in Q. mongolica forest. In comparison to the results of Kawngneung site as control area, there were slightly differences due to a development level of forest ecosystem and microbial degradation of organic matter. The heavy metal concentrations showed 32.50-75.55 ${\mu}g/g$ in Cu, 69.33-134.84 ${\mu}g/g$ in Zn, 57.02-150.32 ${\mu}g/g$ in Pb, and 0.36-1.00 ${\mu}g/g$ in Mt. Nam. These values are higher than in Kwangneung site because of long-term exposure to air pollutants from central city. On the other hand, ATP contents in Mt. Nam were lower than in Kawngneung site in relation to soil organic matter, moisture content and relatively high heavy metal concentrations. ATP contents per soil weight was largest in F+H layer and in spring time of other seasons. Dehydrogenase activity as an index of soil microbial activity had a ranges of 170.67-1,221.66 ${\mu}g$ TPF/g that showed lower values than in Kawngneung site. However, phophatase activity had a contray tendency due to P fertilization for a continuous management. Those values increased through spring to a maximum in the summer and fall in autumn. This is basically caused by metabolic state of soil on the biological activity and several and several factors, such as aeration, soil temperature, vegetation and microflora.

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생태모델을 이용한 해상형 해양심층수 사업해역의 환경 특성 평가 (Estimation of Environmental Characteristics for Deep Ocean Water Development Site Using Ecological Model)

  • 김동명
    • 한국환경과학회지
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    • 제20권7호
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    • pp.919-927
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    • 2011
  • A ecosystem model was applied for understanding of circulation process of state variables in marine ecosystem. A mass balance was conducted by calculating the physical process. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to know which coefficient is the most effective factor to the state variables in the model. The results of the mass balance indicate that the primary production was 58.6 ton C/day in the case of mass flux. DIN and DIP in nutrient ingestion of phytoplankton were each 7.9 ton N/day, 1.1 ton P/day. POC and DOC in mineralization of organic matter were each 10.8 ton C/day, 40.6 ton C/day. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that the maximum growth rate of phytoplankton was the most important factor for overall state variables. In the case of nutrients, Half saturation constant of DIN, and mineralization rate of DOM for COD were important factor.

Forecasting Model for Korean Ships' Detention in Port State Control

  • Kim, Gil-Soo;Kong, Gil-Young
    • 한국항해항만학회지
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    • 제32권9호
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    • pp.729-736
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    • 2008
  • Very often has it happened that Korean flag ships were detained due to the defect of the ship itself at the port they are entering into by the system of Port State Control(PSC). It does matter because the high detention ratio of Korean ships causes to increase the survey ratio of Korean ships by PSC countries, which increases overall operating costs of Korean shipping companies. Therefore Korean government should take tougher action on the detention of Korean ships. The study uses 946 inspections to formulate the model of identifying PSC-weak ships by logistic regression analysis.

DPF의 배기가스 유동 및 포집에 관한 다차원 모델링 연구 (Study on Multi-Dimensional Simulation of the Flow and Filtration Characteristics in Diesel Particulate Filters)

  • 김동균;윤천석
    • 한국자동차공학회논문집
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.60-68
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    • 2010
  • In order to understand the flow and filtration characteristics in a wall-flow type DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter), 0-D, 1-D, and 3-D simulations are preformed. In this paper, three model are explained and validated with each other. Based on the comparisons with 1-D and 3-D results for the steady state solution, 3-D CFD analysis is preferable to 1-D for the prediction of wall velocity at the inlet and exit plane. Because PM loading process is transient state phenomena, the combination of full 3-D and time dependent simulation is crucial for the configuration of wall channels. New coupling technique, which is the connection between calculated permeability from 0-D lumped parameter model and UDF(User Defined Functions) of main solver, is proposed for the realisti