• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.283-294
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• 1987

One hundred and fifty-seven strains of staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens and 80 of Gram-negative bacilli from urine of patients with urological diseases were tested for resistance to antimicrobial drugs by microdilution broth method. Among staphylococci, 50 to 89% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin(Gm), kanamycin(Km), erythromycin(Em), nalidixic acid(Na), and tetracycline. Ninety per cent MIC was lowest in ciprofloxacin(Cp), followed by vancomycin(Vc), trimethoprim(Tp), enoxacin(Ex), and norfloxacin(Nf) with the values of two ${\mu}g/ml$ or lower. Twenty-seven strains were resistant to methicillin(MR), with 24 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 3 of S. epidermidis. All strains of MR S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin, rifampin(Rf), Gm, Km, Em, Na, and Tc, and no strain was resistant to Vc and Tp. Almost all staphylococci isolated from urine were S. epidermidis and sensitive to most drugs tested without MR strain. Among Gram-negative bacilli from urine, Escherichia coli(43 strains) was most frequently isolated, and followed by Klebsiella spp.(11), Proteus spp.(10), Serratia spp.(10), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(6) in the decreasing order. The majority of E. coli and Serratia spp. were resistant to chloramphenicol(Cm), Tc, streptomycin, sulfisomidine(Su), ampicillin(Ap), Km, and carbenicillin(Cb), and 50 and 90% MICs of these drugs were also high. In Klebsiella spp., 54% or more were resistant to Cm, Su, Ap, cephalothin, and Cb. Proteus spp. were susceptible to most drugs tested, but Pseudomonas were resistant to nearly all drugs tested except Rf, amikacin, and moxalactam(Mx). All Gram-negative bacilli tested were found to be susceptible to Mx. New quinolone carboxylic acid compounds, such as Nf, Ex, and Cp showed very high antimicrobial activities against the majority of organisms tested except Pseudomonas, and 50 and 90% MICs of Nf and Ex were always equal or 2 to 4 times higher than Cp. Organisms multiply resistant to drugs were noted in almost all isolates tested. Twenty-seven strains of staphylococci were multiply resistant to 11 or more drugs, and 6 of Klebsiella spp. to 8 to 11 drugs. The most frequent multiplicity of durg resistance were 7 and 8, 12, and 13 in E. coli, Serratia spp., and Pseudomonas, respectively. No strain was resistant to more than 5 drugs in Proteus spp..

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2021

영상의학과의 일반방사선 촬영실의 2차 원내감염(교차감염)의 방지를 위해 방사선사, 환자와 직접적인 밀접접촉부분의 미생물을 측정하였다. 방사선사 측은 방사선 발생장치의 엑스선튜브 손잡이, 환자측은 턱받침대, 가슴닿는 곳, 손잡이를 중심으로 미생물을 측정하여 배양하였다. 에니오설프로 소독한 후 멸균배지를 이용해 수합하고 동정하여 미생물을 확인하였다. 동정결과 방사선사 측은 Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococc us epidermidis, Bacillus spp., Candida spp., 103CFU, 환자측은 Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcu faecium, Pseudom onas aeruginosa, NTM, Candida spp. 가 103~5 CFU 검출 되었으며 환자측에서 수합된 미생물의 종류와 수가 더 많이 관찰되었다. 다행히 해당되는 미생물은 대부분 피부표면에 있는 것들로 관찰되었으며 원내감염관리 규칙에 의거하여 소독한다면 대부분 사멸하는 것으로 알려져 있지만 면역력이 떨어진 환자의 경우 소량의 노출로도 치명적일 수 있으므로 주의해야 한다. 특히, 환자와 접촉한 부분의 미생물이 높게 측정된 것을 보아 방사선사 및 수시출입자 등은 환자와 접촉이 잦은 기구 및 손잡이 등의 부분에 대해 소독을 철저히 해야 할 것으로 사료된다. 기존 에니오설프 연구를 기반으로 현재연구를 확대하여 원내 방사선 검사실의 미생물 안전관리의 중요성을 알리는 목적으로 조사하였고 병원 2차 및 N차 감염병 예방을 위한 기본적인 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.264-274
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• 2023

본 연구는 제주지역에서 대량 발생하고 있는 생태계 교란 외래식물을 기능성 바이오소재로서의 이용 가능성을 확인하기 위한 연구의 일환으로서, 5종 외래식물체의 70% 에탄올 추출물을 대상으로 항산화, 항염증 및 항균 효과와 유효성분을 조사하였다. 외래식물의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 애기수영 > 서양금혼초 ≥ 가시상추 > 환삼덩굴 ≥ 왕도깨비가지 순서로 나타났다. 외래식물의 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거능 역시 애기수영에서 가장 높았으며, 항산화 효과는 식물 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 연관된 것으로 확인되었다. LPS로 자극시킨 RAW 264.7 세포에서 외래식물체 에탄올 추출물(100 ㎍ SE/mL)의 NO 및 PGE₂ 생성 억제 효과는 각각 약 20~60%와 10~70%로 나타났고, 애기수영 및 환삼덩굴이 다른 3종에 비해 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 4종의 식중독 유발 미생물 및 5종의 구강 미생물을 대상으로 식물 추출물의 항균 효과를 조사한 결과, 환삼덩굴, 애기수영 및 왕도깨비가지의 에탄올 추출물은 B. subtilis, E. coli, V. parahaemolyticus 및 V. vulnificus 4종 식중독균 모두에 대해 강한 항균 활성을 보였다. 구강충치 유발 미생물인 E. faecalis, L. casei, R. dentocariosa, S. epidermidis, S. mutans에 대한 항균 효과는 환삼덩굴 추출물이 효과적이었으며, 항균 활성에 관여하는 주 유효성분은 pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, clionasterol 등인 것으로 예측되었다. 이상의 결과는 생태계 교란 외래식물, 특히 애기수영 및 환삼덩굴의 기능성을 갖는 유효성분 분리 및 이용화 연구에 중요한 기초자료가 될 것이며, 항산화, 항염증 및 항균제 개발을 위한 바이오소재 발굴 등에도 중요한 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2010

Pediococcus pentosaceus SA131 was isolated from jeotgal, is the bacteriocin producer against bovine mastitis pathogens, Streptococcus uberis E290, Enterococcus gallinarum E362, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228. The medium composition for pediocin SA131 production by P. pentosaceus SA131 was optimized using response surface methodology. Component of medium was studied as carbon source (glucose, fructose, lactose, glycerol, sucrose, maltose, and mannitol), nitrogen source (beef extract, yeast extract, peptone, malt extract, and tryptone), mineral and surfactant ($MgSO_4$, $KH_2PO_4$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $MnSO_4$, NaCl, sodium acetate, and Tween 80). Through one factor-at-a-time experiment, glucose, fructose, yeast extract, malt extract, NaCl, $MgSO_4$, and Tween 80 were determined as the good ingredient. The effects of major factors for pediocin SA131 production were investigated by two-level fractional factorial designs (FFD). By a $2^4$ FFD, fructose, yeast extract, and $MnSO_4$ were found to be the important factors for the bacteriocin production. Subsequently, a $2^3$ central composite design (CCD) was adopted to derive a statistical model for optimizing the composition of the fermentation medium. The estimated optimum composition for the production of pediocin SA131 by P. pentosaceus SA131 was as follows; 0.13% fructose, 1% glucose, 1.8% yeast extract, 2.58% $MnSO_4$, 0.2% NaCl, and 0.2% Tween 80. The pediocin production under optimized medium was increased to 1,000 AU/mL, compared to the 400 AU/mL in MRS medium.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.296-303
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• 2005

A strain named as HJ35 was isolated from the skin of sixty-five men and fourteen women for acne therapy, in order to find an effective antimicrobial agent against Propionibacterium acnes. Isolate HJ35 was identified as Enterococcus faecium based on 16 rDNA sequence and produced enterocin HJ35 having antimicrobial activities against most lactic acid bacteria, En­terococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Clostridium perfringens, some bacilli, Mi­crococcus flavus, Listeria monocytogenes, L. ivanovii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Propionibacterium acnes, in the modified well diffusion method. Especially, enterocin HJ35 showed a bactericidal activity against Propionibacterium acnes P1. The antimicrobial activity of enterocin HJ35 was disappeared completely with the use of protease XIV. But enterocin HJ35 activity is very stable at high temperature (up to $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min), in wide range of pH (3.0${\~}$9.0), and by treatment with organic solvents. The apparent molecular mass of enterocin HJ35 was estimated to be approximately 4${\~}$4.5 kDa on detection of its bactericidal activity after SDS-PAGE. In batch fermentation of E. faecium HJ35, enterocin HJ35 was produced at the mid­log growth phase, and its maximum production was obtained up to 2,300 AU/mL at the late stationary phase. By employing fed-batch fermentation, the enhanced production of enterocin HJ35 was achieved up to 12,800 AU/mL by feeding with 10 g/L glucose or 6 g/L lactate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.920-925
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• 2020

In India, nanotechnology has been used in therapeutic applications for several millennia. One example of a traditional nanomedicine is Rajath Bhasma (also called calcined silver ash), which is used as an antimicrobial and for the treatment of various ailments and conditions such as memory loss, eye diseases, and dehydration. In this study, we aimed to characterize the physical composition and morphology of Rajath Bhasma and its suitability for use as a non-toxic antimicrobial agent. First, Rajath Bhasma was physically characterized via i) Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the surface functional groups, ii) scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to observe the morphology and elemental composition, and iii) X-ray diffraction to determine the crystalline phases. Thereafter, functional characterization was performed through toxicity screening using zebrafish embryos and through antimicrobial activity assessment against gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Rajath Bhasma was found to harbor alkene, hydroxyl, aldehyde, and amide functional groups originating from biological components on its surface. The main component of Rajath Bhasma is silver, with particle size of 170-210 nm, and existing in the form of spherical aggregates with pure crystalline silver structures. Furthermore, Rajath Bhasma did not exert toxic effects on zebrafish embryos at concentrations below 5 ㎍/ml and exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The present results indicate that Rajath Bhasma is a potentially effective antimicrobial agent without toxicity when used at concentrations below 5 ㎍/ml.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1983

Some investigations on chronic mastitis in dairy cattle in Kyungnam Province during the year 1982 were conducted with the special reference to the causative agents and their drug resistance. Milk samples from 46 isolated cases of chronic mastitis cattle were investigated bacteriologically and the organisms recovered were examined for their drug susceptibility against the major antibiotics used in this country by the use of disk diffusion susceptibility test. Four major causative agents involved in chronic mastitis were in order of prevalence Staphylococcus aureus (32.6%), Escherichia coli (28.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (8.7%) and Candida albicans (8.7%). Staph. epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida subtropicalis were found to be one of the minor agents. The majority of staphylococcal isolates were highly resistant to the most of antibiotics employed while 8% of them were resistant to gentamicin and 32% to chloramphenicol. The percentages of staphylococcal cultures resistant to penicillin, lincomycin. streptomycin, methicillin, oleandomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, ampicillin and erythromycin were 100%, 96%, 96%, 92%, 84%, 84%, 80%, 76%, and 64% respectively. Streptococcal isolates were also highly resistant to the majority of the drugs used although 85.7% of them were susceptible to gentamicin. All Escherichia coli isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and penicillin while the majority of them were resistant to ampicillin (92.9%), carbenicillin (85.7%), oleandomycin (85.7%), streptomycin(85.7%), kanamycin (78.6%), methicillin (78.6%) and tetracycline (71.4%). The percentages of E. coli cultures resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin and chloramphenicol were 21.4%, 21.4%, 35.7% and 50.0% respectively.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.237-243
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• 1986

This paper deals with the incidence of bovine mastitis for 743 quarters and distribution of Staphylococci for the quarter and 70 bulk milk samples in the northern area of Gyeongbuk during the period from January to December 1984. Isolated Staphylococci were examined for species, subgroups, antibiotic resistance and penicillinase production. The results obtained were summarized as follows : A total of 25(73.5%) of 34 herds, 102(54.3%) of 188 cows and 208(30.3%) of 743 quarters were found to be infected with subclinical mastitis. A total of 83(83.1%) of 102 cows, 94(45.2%) of 208 mastitic quarters and 55(78.6%) of 70 bulk milk samples were isolated Staphylococci. Three hundred and eighteen strains of Staphylococci were classified into 11 species. Of these speoies, S. aureus from mastitis and S. sciuri from bulk milk were found most frequently, followed by S. epidermidis, S. simulans, S. cohnii, S. haemolyticus, S. xylosus, S. hyicus subsp. chromogenes, S. saprophyticus, S. warneri, S hyicus subsp. hyicus. Subgroups of catalase-positive and negative cocci were belonged most frequently to subgroup I, and subgroups III and III b, respectively. The method of Pelzer of al(97.8%) was more classified than that of Baird-Parker (68.5%). One hundred and sixty one strains(50.6%) of 318 Staphylococci isolates were resistance to one or more antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Isolates from subclinical mastitis were more resistant to antibiotics than its from bulk milk. Of the 318 Staphylococci Isolates, 128(40.3%) gave positive reaction for the penicillinase test, all of ampicillin resistance strains produced this emzyme.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.493-497
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• 2013

This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition of essential oil in 'Shiranuhi' immature fruit and to test their biological activities. 'Shiranuhi' immature essential oils (SIEO) were obtained by steam distillation from fruits collected from Jeju Island and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Fourteen components were identified in the essential oil. Limonene (75.21%) and terpineol (8.68%) were the major components in SIEO. Since acne vulgaris is the combined result of a bacterial infection and the inflammatory response to that infection, we examined whether SIEO possessed antibacterial against skin pathogens. As a result, SIEO showed excellent antibacterial activities against drug-susceptible and -resistant Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are acne-causing bacteria. In this study, SIEO was examined on DPPH radical scavenging activities, which showed moderate antioxidant activity ($SC_{50}$, $15.36{\mu}L/mL$). In order to determined whether SIEO can be safely applied to human skin, the cytotoxicity effects of SIEO were determined by colorimetric MTT assays in normal human fibroblasts and keratinocyte HaCaT cells. They exhibited low cytotoxicity at $0.5{\mu}L/mL$ in both celllines. Based on these results, we suggest the possibility that essential oil of 'Shiranuhi' maybe considered as an antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.330-343
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• 2018

Recently, there has been a growing demand for natural preservatives because of increased consumer interest in health. In this study, we produced Lactobacillus rhamnosus cell-free supernatant (LCFS) and evaluated and compared its antimicrobial activity with existing natural preservatives against pathogenic microorganisms and in chicken breast meat contaminated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Lactobacillus rhamnosus cell-free supernatant possessed 30 units of lysozyme activity and contained 18,835 mg/L of lactic acid, 2,051 mg/L of citric acid and 5,060 mg/L of acetic acid. Additionally, LCFS inhibited the growth of fourteen pathogenic bacteria, S. aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria innocua, S. epidermidis, L. ivanovii, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, Shi. flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The antibacterial activity of LCFS was stronger than that of egg white lysozyme (EWL), Durafresh (DF) and grapefruit seed extract (GSE). Additionally, LCFS maintained its antimicrobial activity after heat treatment at $50^{\circ}C{\sim}95^{\circ}C$ and at pH values of 3~9. Moreover, LCFS inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in chicken breast meat. In conclusion, it is expected that LCFS, which contains both lysozyme and three organic acids, will be useful as a good natural preservative in the food industry.