• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.439-446
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• 2017

Portable low-cost Kinect sensor was used to analyze standing balance ability of the elderly. Eighty subjects who can walk alone and have a normal cognitive level participated in this experiment. Based on Berg Balance scale (BBS) test with 52 points, subjects were divided into Healthy older (HO: 46 persons, BBS: $53.80{\pm}1.19$) and Impaired older (IO: 34 persons, BBS: $49.06{\pm}2.03$) group. Each subject performed 30 seconds four different standing balance tests (EO: Eyes Open, EC: Eyes Close, EOf: Eyes Open on foam, ECf: Eyes Close on foam). Five variables (Mean distance, Range of distance, Root mean square, Mean velocity, 95% ellipse area) were calculated from the hip joint center movement of Kinect sensor. Results showed that there were significant differences between groups for four different standing tests. Calculated variables from kinect sensor showed significant correlation with BBS score. Especially, mediolateral mean distance, mediolateral root mean square, mediolateral range of distance and 95% ellipse area showed discriminative ability for all tests. Mean values of variables of IO were higher than those of HO, which means the decreased balance ability in IO compared with HO. Therefore, it was possible to estimate simple balance assessment of the elderly using portable low-cost Kinect sensor.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the combined patterns of PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on the static balance ability. Methods : The measurements of the static balance ability were completed by 10 subjects for 6 weeks, from October to November 2007. The combined patterns of PNF were carried out by means of self-exercising suggested by Dietz, which were designed as four cases: two positions (standing and quadruped) for both patterns(sprinter and skater), respectively. The exercises were practiced once a day, 3 times a week in same condition. By using the GOOD BALANCE system, assessment of the static balance ability was taken at before and after exercise from 6 positions: normal standing, one leg left and one leg right standing when eye open and close, respectively. For each case, the experimental data was obtained in 3 items: mean X speed, mean Y speed and velocity moment. Results : The results of this study were as follows : 1. There were statistically significant differences of Mean X speed, Mean Y speed and Velocity moment between the before and the after exercise in the case of normal standing when eye open and close(NSEO and NSEC), respectively. 2. There was statistically significant difference of Mean X speed between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg left standing when eye open(OLLEO). In this case, however, the statistically significant differences were not found in both terms of Mean Y speed and Velocity moment. 3. There were statistically significant differences of Mean X speed and Mean Y speed between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg left standing when eye close(OLLEC). In this case, however, the statistically significant difference was not found in term of Velocity moment. 4. There were statistically significant differences of Mean X speed, Mean Y speed and Velocity moment between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg right standing when eye close(OLREC). 5. There was statistically significant difference of Mean X speed between the before and the after exercise in the case of one leg right standing when eye open(OLREO). In this case, however, the statistically significant differences were not found in both terms of Mean Y speed and Velocity moment. 6. There were statistically significant differences of total Mean X speed, total Mean Y speed and total Velocity moment between the before and the after exercise. Conclusions : The above results from this study indicated that the combined patterns of PNF have improved the static balance ability. However the used self-exercise can be applied to normal people, i.e., the exercise is difficult to apply into clinical patients. The further study should be focused at development of various modified forms of the combined patterns of PNF in keeping up the improvement effect of this exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 1999

Some hemiplegic patients show a particular posture that pushing away from the nonaffected side of the body. A few study has been conducted of any aspect of this syndrome. But despite the lack of a scientific basis, this term is widely used in the physical therapy of hemiplegic patients. The purposes of this study was to investigate whether pusher syndrome has an adverse impact on functional outcome. Included were all acute stroke patients admitted in a months period a hospital in Seoul. The presence of pusher syndrome was assessed by a Bobath trained physical therapist. The ability of transfer was assessed by the Functional Independence Measure(FIM), Activities of daily living by the Modified Barthel Index(MBI), and standing balance by Bohannon's Standing Balance Scale(BSBS) on admission, weekly during the hospital stay, and at discharge. Pusher syndrome was found in $52.4\%$ of the left side and $50.0\%$ of the right aide hemiplegic patients. Significant differences were found in the score of transfer, ADL and standing balance between patients with and without pusher syndrome.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1007-1017
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing the ambulatory status in hemiplegia with intracerebral hemorrhage after rehabilitation. Thirty patients with stroke who was admitted in the Chosun University Hospital, between from January 1st' 1998 and December 31st' 1998, were included in this study. The following variables as a potential predictors for ambulation were evaluated at treatment of the stroke onset; 1) general characteristics including age and sex, and 2) clinical characteristics including frequency and onset time of the stroke, affected side, duration of the treatment, time interval between onset and rehabilitation, manual muscle test of paretic limb, sitting and standing balance, proprioception, perception, cognitive function. We compared and analyzed the these variables to the two type of ambulatory status at the time of the discharge by Modified Barthel Index, independent, dependent. The data were analyzed by student t-test, Fisher-exact test, Mann Whitney-U test, $X^{2}$-test, correlation analysis(spearman's). The results were as follows; 1. Were no significantly inflenced independent ambulatory status among general characteristics. 2. Frequency of the stroke and proprioception (p<0.05), muscle strength of the lower limb, cognitive function and standing balance (p<0.01), perception and sitting balance (p<0.001) were significantly inflenced independent ambulatory status among clinical characteristics. 3. Independent Variable correlated with the ambulatory status were muscle strength of the lower limb, proprioception and sitting balance (p<0.05), standing balance, frequency of the stroke, perception and cognitive function (p<0.01). Therefore the muscle strength of the lower limb, proprioception, sitting balance, standing balance, frequency of the stroke, perception, cognitive function were the most significant influencing factors of ambulatory status after rehabilitation.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Neurotherapy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.19-23
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• 2018

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of balance ability by performing closed chain exercise on stable support surface and unstable support surface in twenties. Methods This study randomly selected 15 students in the closed chain exercise group on the stable support side and 15 on the closed chain exercise group on the unstable support side. Balance ability was measured before and after the start of exercise and static balance was measured by OLT(One Leg Standing Test) and FRT (Functional Reach Test). Result The changes of the function reach test of the closed chain movement according to the ground type were significant in the unstable and stable support surfaces and the change of function reach test after the intervention in the two groups was significantly improved compared with the closed chain movement respectively. The one leg standing test changes of the closed chain movement according to the ground type showed significant results on the unstable and stable support surfaces, but there was no significant difference in the one leg standing test changes after intervention between the two groups. Conclusion The effect of closed chain training on ground type is unstable. The change of function reach test and one leg standing test of the closed chain exercise group on the stable support surface resulted in significant changes after exercise, but there was a significant difference in the balance ability of function reach test change after intervention between the groups.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the lower extremity function of chronic stroke patients. Methods: The participants consist of 26 chronic stroke patients. They were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=13) or a control group (n=13) and engaged in exercise three times per week for eight weeks. The experimental group engaged in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises and the control group engaged in general mat exercises. To measure lower extremity strength, the sit to stand test and the static balance test (standing on one leg) were used. To measure the stability index (SI) and weight distribution index (WDI), a Tetrax Portable Multiple System (Tetrax Ltd, Israel) was used in addition to a static balance test (standing on one leg). Results: : Lower extremity strength and static balance showed a significant improvement in the experimental group (p<.05). The SI and WDI were significantly improved in the experimental group (p<.05) for tests of standing with their eyes open, standing with their eyes closed, and standing on a sponge with their eyes open. Conclusion: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises have confirmed that lower extremity function improves after exercise interventions in chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.176-184
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• 2010

This study was to investigate the effects of upper and lower limb composing patterns of PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) on the static balance ability by 20 subjects for 6 weeks. This study was measured left one leg standing and right one leg standing with closed eyes on Good Balance system. These results led us to the conclusion that the mean speed of X, Y direction, COP(center of Pressure) velocity moment showed a statistical decrease when applying post-exercise. The above results from this study indicated that upper and lower limb composing patterns of PNF exercise has improved the static balance ability. As a result, this study showed that upper and lower limb composing patterns exercise improve the ability of balance in young adults. Based on this study, it may be applied to old people.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify whether static and dynamic balance in young men were influenced by the different height of insoles in their shoes. Methods : Eighteen healthy young men (mean $20.61{\pm}1.38years$) were recruited for this study. The subjects' static and dynamic balance were assessed while wearing three different height' insoles (0cm, 2cm, 3cm) in their tennis shoes. Anterioposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) sway velocity was measured for 20 seconds using a force plate (Good balance system, Finland) under four conditions including normal standing with eyes open and with eyes closed, and tandem standing with eyes open and with eyes closed. The Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Timed Up & Go (TUG) were also performed for each subject under each condition. Results : 1) ML and AP sway velocities in young men were significantly different according to the height of the insole in normal standing with eyes open and eyes closed. 2) ML and AP sway velocities in young men were not different according to the height of the insole in tandem standing with eyes open. 3) ML sway velocities in young men were significantly different according to the height of the insole in tandem standing with eyes closed, whereas AP sway velocities did not differ by height of the insole in tandem standing with eyes closed. 4) FRT scores in young men were significantly different according to the height of the insole. 5) TUG scores in young men were not significantly different according to the height of the insole. Conclusions : This study's results indicate that the static and dynamic balance in young men can be influenced by shoe insole height.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.281-288
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between Pediatric Balance Scale(PBS) and Gross Motor Function Measurement(GMFM) with cerebral palsy(CP) children. Methods : 31 ambulatory children with CP were recruited for this study. PBS is a modified version of the Berg’s Balance Scale to access the children with motor impairments. To access the motor functions that directly influence to the functional independence of the ambulatory CP children, total scores of standing category and walking/running/jumping category of GMFM were selectively compared with PBS score by Spearman correlation coefficient analysis. Results : The results revealed high correlation between PBS and GMFM scores both in standing and walking/running/jumping categories(r=.9). Conclusions : Therefore, this study indicates that PBS can be applied not only as a tool to access balance, but also as a measurement to predict and access the level of standing and ambulatory related functions of children with CP.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.433-439
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• 2018

Purpose: Visual information is one of the most important factors for postural balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual deprivation on the lower extremities and trunk muscle activity on an unstable surface during quiet standing. Methods: Fifteen healthy males from a university population participated in this study. Surface electromyography of the rectus abdominis, the erector spinalis, the vastus femoris oblique, the semitendinosis, the tibialis anterior, and the medial gastrocnemius was measured using EMG equipment (Telemyo 2400, Noraxon, USA). The participants were asked to maintain postural balance on an unstable surface (Balance pad, Airex, USA) for 30 seconds with eyes open and with eyes closed during quiet standing. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the muscle activity of the lower extremities and the trunk between open and closed eyes on an unstable surface. Results: The muscle activity of the trunk and the lower extremities was increased more with eyes closed than with eyes open on the unstable surface during quiet standing. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that visual information could alter lower extremity and trunk muscle activity. Therefore, visual deprivation can be used as a method to improve postural balance.