• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

Alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/ are learned last for normal children in the speech development process for Koreans. These are especially difficult to articulate for hearing-impaired children often causing articulation errors. The acoustic phonetic evaluation uses testing tools to provide indirect and object information. These objective resources can be compared with standardized resources on speech when interpreting the results of a test. However, most previous studies in Korea did not consider acoustic studies that used the spectrum moment values of hearing-impaired children. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the characteristics of hearing-impaired children's pronunciation of fricative sounds using spectrum moment values. For this purpose, the study selected a total of 10 hearing-impaired children (5 boys and 5 girls) currently in 3rd or 5th grade and attending one of the elementary schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. For the selection process, their age, type of hearing aid, implantation of hearing aid (CI) before two years of age, hearing capacity (dB) before and after wearing the hearing aid, duration of speech rehabilitation, and time of learning alveolar fricative sounds were all considered. Also, 10 normal children (5 boys and 5 girls) were selected among 3rd or 5th grade students attending one of the elementary schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. The subjects were asked to read the carrier sentence, "I say _______," including a list of 12 meaningless syllables composed of CV and VCV syllables, including alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/ and vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/. The recorded resources were processed through the Time-frequency Analysis Software Program to measure M1 (mean), M2 (variance), M3 (skewness), and M4 (kurtosis) of the fricative noise. No significant differences were found when comparing spectrum threshold values in the acoustic phonetic characteristics of hearing-impaired children and normal children in alveolar fricative sound pronunciation according to vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/, and syllable structure (CV, VCV) other than, for M3 in the comparison of groups according to disability. In the comparison of syllable structures, there were statistically significant differences in M1, M2, M3, and M4 with clinical significance. However, there was no significant difference in results when comparing the alveolar fricative sounds according to the vowels.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2014

For the expansion of the Semantic Web, studies in converting the data stored in the relational database into the ontology are actively in process. Such studies mainly use an RDB to RDF mapping model, the model to map relational database components to RDF components. However, pre-proposed mapping models have got different expression modes and these damage the accessibility and reusability of the users. As a consequence, the necessity of the standardized mapping language was raised and the W3C suggested the R2RML as the standard mapping language for the RDB to RDF model. The R2RML has a characteristic that converts only the relational database schema data to RDF. For the same reasons above, the ontology about the relation data between table name and column name of the relational database cannot be added. In this paper, we propose an RDB to RDF mapping system considering semantic relations of RDB components in order to solve the above issue. The proposed system generates the mapping data by adding the RDFS attribute data into the schema data defined by the R2RML in the relational database. This mapping data converts the data stored in the relational database into RDF which includes the RDFS attribute data. In this paper, we implement the proposed system as a Java-based prototype, perform the experiment which converts the data stored in the relational database into RDF for the comparison evaluation purpose and compare the results against D2RQ, RDBToOnto and Morph. The proposed system expresses semantic relations which has richer converted ontology than any other studies and shows the best performance in data conversion time.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.45-68
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• 2020

Objectives : This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of manual and electroacupuncture on glaucoma. Method : We searched 11 electronic databases using index words to identify randomized clinical trials. Meta-analysis of weighted mean difference (WMD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to evaluate the outcomes. Cochrane bias risk assessment tool was used to assess the risk of bias in each clinical study. The collected data was analyzed using RevMan software (ver. 5.3). Results : At the initial stage of data retrieval, 549 papers were searched. After reviewing 37 full texts, a total of 10 RCT studies (426patients, 715 eyes) were selected and 8 RCT studies (357 people, 617 eyes) were involved in meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs showed that acupuncture alone was more effective in reducing intraocular pressure(IOP) than conventional treatment (WMD = -5.73, 95% CI: [-12.30, 0.83], P = 0.09, I² = 97%) The combination of acupuncture or electroacupuncture with conventional treatment was also effective in lowering IOP (WMD = -1.84, 95% CI: [-2.31, -1.37], P <0.00001, I² = 45%). It was estimated that the combination of acupuncture with conventional treatment was also effective for improving visual field (VF) (WMD = -2.17, 95% CI: [-4.32, -0.02], P = 0.05, I² = 89%) but improvement in visual acuity (VA) was not significant (MD = 0.06, 95% CI: [-0.03, 0.15], P = 0.23, I² = 0%). Subgroup analyzes were performed only for the studies that used open glaucoma as the study's disease and combination of acupuncture or electroacupuncture with conventional therapy would have an effect on lowering intraocular pressure (WMD = -1.68)., 95% CI: [-2.46, -0.90], P <0.0001, I² = 29%). Conclusion : This study suggests that acupuncture treatment for glaucoma may be effective in reducing intraocular pressure and helpful in improving visual field defects. However, due to the small sample size, high risk of bias and high heterogeneity in the methodology, it is expected that further studies will be needed to verify the results. Further studies in large-scale samples based on a minimized biased methodology would be necessary.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.42-57
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• 1998

Background : It is increasing the concern for patient satisfaction as a customer information. This study was planned to investigate the activities related to patient satisfaction survey at the Korean hospitals. Methods : We performed the nationwide survey on 235 general hospitals by using the self-administrated checklist from Sep. 9 to Oct. 9, 1996. The response rate were 50.2%. We analyzed the descriptive statistics and chi-square test by SAS software on 118 hospitals. Results : First of all, 62.7% of study hospitals showed to conduct the patient satisfaction survey, and most of hospitals which did not conduct it had a plan to do it within 5 years. The reason that hospitals did not conduct satisfaction survey was due to a lack of administrator's interest or adequate questionnaire form. Second, the bigger, public and being more located in the big city or opened more than 10 years, the more hospitals conducted the patient satisfaction survey. Also, patient satisfaction survey was mainly handled by planning dept. or administrative team. Third, most hospitals had their own way of making questionnaires without proving reliability and validity. The results of the survey were applied to hospital management timely, and were mostly reported to top manager level. Most CEO concerned about the results of satisfaction survey. Fourth, the staffs in charge of survey had problems such as skill related to data analysis and development of questionnaire and they suggested that this problems could be solved through inducing the implementation of the survey results on hospital management, support for the development of standardized questionnaires and increasing the top manager's interests. Fifth, most questionnaires composed of lots of questioning items on hospital equipments and environment, and kindness of hospital employee to patients. Conclusions : Although this study had some limitations in generalization due to low response rate in big hospitals, it is meaningful to find the present state and the problems related to patient satisfaction survey of the general hospitals. We can conclude that there are increasing the concern for patient satisfaction survey among the hospitals nationwide, and it can be needed for technical support related to development of survey tool or method.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.855-863
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• 2000

Although Behavior-Knowledge Space (BKS) method, one of well known decision combination methods, does not need any assumptions in combining the multiple experts, it should theoretically build exponential storage spaces for storing and managing jointly observed K decisions from K experts. That is, combining K experts needs a (K+1)st-order probability distribution. However, it is well known that the distribution becomes unmanageable in storing and estimating, even for a small K. In order to overcome such weakness, it has been studied to decompose a probability distribution into a number of component distributions and to approximate the distribution with a product of the component distributions. One of such previous works is to apply a conditional independence assumption to the distribution. Another work is to approximate the distribution with a product of only first-order tree dependencies or second-order distributions as shown in [1]. In this paper, higher order dependency than the first-order is considered in approximating the distribution and a dependency-based framework is proposed to optimally approximate the (K+1)st-order probability distribution with a product set of dth-order dependencies where ($1{\le}d{\le}K$), and to combine multiple experts based on the product set using the Bayesian formalism. This framework was experimented and evaluated with a standardized CENPARMI data base.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.726-732
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to develop a software program to diagnose and assess status of dietary intake obtained using 24-hour dietary recall method. This program consist of four functions. The first function is assessing tile general status of the body such as ideal body weight, obesity measure, activity expenditure energy and total energy requirement by the analysis of age, height, weight and the degree of activity. The second one is calculating the intake number of food classified by the food group and evaluating the status of food intake by comparing them with the number of standardized intake in recommended dietary allowances for Koreans,6th revision. Third one is calculating energy and nutrient intakes contributed by the food group in dietary intake and evaluating the status of dietary intake by comparing the nutrient intake with the recommended dietary allowance for Korean, especially calculating and evaluating the status of dietary fat intake. The fourth function is calculating and evaluating the status of nutrient intake and nutrients energy Percent contributed by three regular meals and at least one in-between-meal snack. The results are displayed as tabular forms and graphical forms on the computer screen.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-56
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• 2021

Objective : The objective of this study was to present the components of frailty by organizing the definitions of frail elderly and analyzing the tools used to screen them. Methods : This study searched for articles at involved frailty screening assessments in the elderly. Databases including CINAHL, Embase, Medline Complete, and PubMed were searched. The search terms were "assess" AND "frailty" AND "screening" AND ("frail elderly" OR "elderly"). Results : A total of 539 articles were identified by the search and 11 articles were selected. Frailty occurs due to the depressed function of multidimensional factors, and a frail elderly person is defined as one at high risk of health degeneration, functional impairment, and occurrence of disability, and having a high level of threat to life. Seven tools were selected from 11 articles. The most frequently used tool was the frailty phenotype, which was used in five articles (45.4%). The identified components of frailty were physical, activity participation, nutrition, psychological, social, overall health, and age. Conclusion : The results confirmed the definition and components of frailty. This study is expected to contribute to the future development of standardized evaluation tools for screening frail elderly individuals and intervention programs for the management of the frail elderly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review to investigate the socio-economic benefits of the poison control center (PCC) and to assess whether telephone counseling at the poison control center affects the frequency of emergency room visits, hospitalization, and length of stay of patients with acute poisoning. Methods: The authors conducted a medical literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Two reviewers evaluated the abstracts for eligibility, extracted the data, and assessed the study quality using a standardized tool. Key results such as the cost-benefit ratio, hospital stay days, unnecessary emergency room visits or hospitalizations, and reduced hospital charges were extracted from the studies. When meta-analysis was possible, it was performed using RevMan software (RevMan version 5.4). Results: Among 299 non-duplicated studies, 19 were relevant to the study questions. The cost-benefit ratios of PCC showed a wide range from 0.76 to 36 (average 6.8) according to the level of the medical expense of each country and whether the study included intentional poisoning. PCC reduced unnecessary visits to healthcare facilities. PCC consultation shortened the length of hospital stay by 1.82 (95% CI, 1.07-2.57) days. Conclusion: The systematic review and meta-analysis support the hypothesis that the PCC operation is cost-beneficial. However, when implementing the PCC concept in Korea in the future, it is necessary to prepare an institutional framework to ensure a costeffective model.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2022

In this paper, we classify and present AI algorithms and natural language processing methods used in chatbots. A framework that can be used to implement a chatbot is also described. A chatbot is a system with a structure that interprets the input string by constructing the user interface in a conversational manner and selects an appropriate answer to the input string from the learned data and outputs it. However, training is required to generate an appropriate set of answers to a question and hardware with considerable computational power is required. Therefore, there is a limit to the practice of not only developing companies but also students learning AI development. Currently, chatbots are replacing the existing traditional tasks, and a practice course to understand and implement the system is required. RNN and Char-CNN are used to increase the accuracy of answering questions by learning unstructured data by applying technologies such as deep learning beyond the level of responding only to standardized data. In order to implement a chatbot, it is necessary to understand such a theory. In addition, the students presented examples of implementation of the entire system by utilizing the methods that can be used for coding education and the platform where existing developers and students can implement chatbots.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.65-80
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• 2022

Objective : This study examined the psychometric properties of the 12-item Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Scale (COPE) using Rasch analysis. COPE is one of the instruments used to measure stress-coping skills. Methods : The study participants were 480 community-dwelling older adults. We tested the instrument's unidimensionality assumption using principal component analysis (PCA). Item fit was examined using infit-and-outfit mean-square (MnSq) and standardized fit statistics (ZSTD). The precision and item difficulty hierarchies of the instrument were examined. The item-difficulty hierarchy was investigated to identify the easy and difficult items. We tested differential item functioning (DIF) for sex and age groups. Results : PCA revealed that the instrument met the unidimensionality assumption (eigenvalue = 1.78). Among the 12 items, item 2 was removed because of misfit (Infit MnSq = 1.33, Infit ZSTD = 5.05, Outfit MnSq = 1.56, Outfit ZSTD = 7.15). The remaining 11 items demonstrated a conceptual item-difficulty hierarchy. The person strata value was 3.10, which is equivalent to a reliability index value of 0.81. There was no DIF for the sex and age groups (DIF contrast <0.27). Conclusion : The findings indicated that the revised COPE-11 has adequate item-level psychometric properties and can accurately measure stress coping skills.