• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2009

Construction equipment is a very important factor for successful construction. Also, the cost for construction equipment is a major part of the cost of construction. Therefore, the estimation of the equipment cost is a critical task in construction planning. A formula for production rates shown in 'Standard Unit Labor' has been used to estimate construction equipment capability and cost. Although the performance of the equipment has improved over time, the variables in the formula have not been updated in a timely manner. Therefore, this paper has analyzed the preceding research, and performed several site visits to measure the cycle time of a backhoe and a loader. Construction equipment production rates were calculated with collected cycle times and variables given in 'Standard Unit Labor'. In addition,production rates were estimated considering the circumstances of various sites with the simulation program 'crystal ball.'

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.111-115
• /
• 2011

Purpose: In vitro uses dose response curve with 6 to 7 standard concentrations in every examination to analyze examination results and this use of dose response curve comprises a large portion of the consumption of medicine material. At this present, some ones of in-hospital examination items have shown mostly low result of distribution in the analyzed features and these examinations have been judged that it would be unnecessary to use the last standard concentration. Hence, this study selects those examination items showing low result of distribution and reviews the cases contributed to less consumption of medicine material and revenue growth of hospital by reduction of medicine material used in the place of the last standard concentration. Materials and Methods: The study was made targeting 11 examination items out of total 43 items of the in-hospital examination and since these examination items were mostly low in the features as the examination results of patients or the examination results were distributed to show lower concentration than the previous last standard concentration, it carried out the examination without using the last standard concentration, which could generate the effect to reduce medicine material (examination tube) used in the last standard concentration as many as the number of examination carried out. For this, it examined the number of medicine material reduction by month during the period from July, 2009 to February, 2011 and estimated the reduction amount of medicine material calculated the number of reduction by the unit cost of medicine material as well as the profit generated by the reduced medicine material to use for the medicine material of patient examination. Results: The total number of medicine material reduced during the period from July, 2009 to February, 2011 was 3,131 pieces, which had the effect to reduce the medicine material equivalent to about 31 kits of reagent. To calculate this by the unit cost of the medicine material, it analyzed to reduce about 6.4 million won of medicine material cost. Also the reduced medicine materials were used for medicine materials of patient examination and this was analyzed to generate about 13.75 million won of profit based on the ABC cost accounting. Conclusion: It showed no problem in the analysis of examination result even without using the last standard concentration regarding those examination items with low distribution of the patient examination result. For these examination items, it was able to reduce medicine material used for the last standard as many as the number of examination carried out. Also, the adjustment of concentration range was found to have no problem in the reliability of examination result. Therefore, this case will be applicable in those occasions of when the analysis of patient examination result is mostly distributed at the lower level or when an examination with the distribution of patient results in the range of lower concentration than the previous last standard concentration is carried out and this is considered to increase the efficiency in the use of medicine material in vitro as well as contribute to the profit of hospitals.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2012.11a
• /
• pp.279-280
• /
• 2012

The Construction Standard Production Unit(CSPU) has been used for the standard cost estimate in public and private construction projects. However, It is questionable if the reliability and/or authenticity of the system is acceptable due to the lack of consistent enactment and/or revision procedures. This study identifies informational conditions and issues relative to using daily work report as a data collection method for enacting and/or revising CSPU system, and establishes the measures for improving the daily work report. This study aims on the information constitution of daily job-site report, daily manpower report, wages register for specialty contractors. According to the research results, most of necessary data were included in a daily job-site report. In conclusion, it is investigated that data of daily manpower report and wage register need to be included in a daily job-site report for understanding the current state of worker in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2019.05a
• /
• pp.234-235
• /
• 2019

In the stacking and pitching items of the stone masonry and demolition process presented by 2018's standard of estimate, 7 estimating standards are presented according to the depth of masonry stone, and it is presented that the quantity per unit increases as the depth of masonry stone grows. As a result of analyzing the application status in the site, it is shown that 2 or 3 stones are mainly used according to the stone sizes regardless of the depth of masonry stone, and that as the size of the stone becomes larger, the quantity per unit decreases due to the size per square meter(㎡). Also, in most of sites, machine construction is mainly carried out by excavators with clampers attached to them. Therefore, in the 2019's application standard of estimate, it is analyzed that the size is simplified down to 3 sizes reflecting the site application status and that it is revised as a standard reflecting the result that as the stone size becomes bigger, the productivity increases.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.627-630
• /
• 2014

The latest video coding standard, high efficiency video coding (HEVC) achieves high coding efficiency by employing a quadtree-based coding unit (CU) block partitioning structure which allows recursive splitting into four equally sized blocks. At each depth level, each CU is partitioned into variable sized blocks of prediction units (PUs). However, the determination of the best CU partition for each coding tree unit (CTU) and the best PU mode for each CU causes a dramatic increase in computational complexity. To reduce such computational complexity, we propose a fast PU decision algorithm that early terminates PU search. The proposed method skips the computation of R-D cost for certain PU modes in the current CU based on the best mode and the rate-distortion (RD) cost of the upper depth CU. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the computational complexity of HM12.0 to 18.1% with only 0.2% increases in BD-rate.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.293-303
• /
• 2014

Recent historical unit price is presented by the Korea Institute of Construction Technology (KICT) and it is analyzed by data from large-scale projects. Therefore it has problem applying to small-scale projects. To indicate the problem, the study compared historical unit price of large-case project and small-case project in the case of civil engineering work, building construction, and mechanical facility work. As a result, average historical unit price of small-scale project was 26.6% higher than large-scale project. On the other hand, difference on the labor cost was 18.4%, difference on material cost and overheads were 8.18%. Moreover, the study proposed compensation method to correct to apply recent historical unit price to small-scale project.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.48
• /
• pp.201-211
• /
• 1998

The fundamental object of work measurement is to precisely establish the time standards, which are the indices of labor productivity. This study discussed the development of robot work measurement method that could establish the time standard effectively. In manufacturing industries the various robot tasks are generally classified and standardized by the unit motions. The Robot Modularization of the Unit Motion (ROMUM) was realized by the module of two steps GET and PUT unit motions. This method reduced time and effort of analysis, and could be done with ease. Therefore, ROMUM will increase the convenience of use for the unskilled worker and decrease the time required, cost and errors. And, it will contribute to reduce the unnecessary motion by robot motion analysis.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to apply the modular construction method to Han-ok. The modular method, which is differentiated from the existing one, means a construction method that equipments, windows and interior materials are prefabricated as a six-sided object at a plant and then they are assembled at the least process on the spot. As for the theoretical observation, the theoretical basis to apply the modular method to the modular housing and Hanok was divided into environmental and economic aspect. In order to apply the modular method to Hanok, the unit scale and size were selected and the plane of unit module Hanok was developed. And a standard with regard to the unit combination and material lifting transportation method was set and planned. In addition, through the comparison the unit modular Hanok to the existing Hanok, the difference was analyzed and the strength was identified in terms fo design method, structure, construction method, period and cost. In final, the conclusion, with regard to the economic, technical application in future, was drawn through arranging the study contents. The unit modular Hanok to carry out the high-quality dwelling through construction period reduction, standardized construction materials and improved insulation performance can meet the demands for a paradigm of new construction technology.

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.415-427
• /
• 2011

This study is aiming at estimating the demolition cost of deterioration housing by the rational method in order to provide for the demolition and new build project of the rental multi-family housing of LH. We investigated the actual state of demolition construction and work process of small size housing, and analysed an actual condition of estimation for the demolition cost through an advice by the expert of construction cost estimate. Furthermore, the 'estimation standard for the predetermined amount', 'estimation standard for the disposal cost of construction wastes' and precedent studies in public construction work were considered. As one of results in this study, cost accounting system, breakdown system and construction cost for the demolition work based on the standard of estimate were proposed and the predetermined amount of demolition construction for the multi-family housing with 2 or 3 floors could be produced by them. Eventually, It is estimated that the demolition cost per a multi-family housing is about 18,331,000(won) and 104,000(won) per floorage($m^2$). To the details, the result indicated that the direct demolition cost needs about 14,339,000(won) per a multi-family housing and the consignment disposal cost of wastes needs 3,992,000(won) per one. The results of the study will be used as the fundamental data to estimate the project cost in the phase of budget establishment for demolition and new build project of the deteriorated rental multi-family housings, and also cost accounting system of demolition construction and breakdown system are expect to be used effectively at the ordering of public construction work.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.467-480
• /
• 2019

Standard estimates are the numerical data of a unit quantity required for construction work such as the amount of materials, manpower, and the use of equipment required and are also a basis to calculate construction costs. Unfortunately, standard estimates for construction have also been used for garden construction these days as no standard estimates for garden construction have been developed or documented until now. As a result, many problems have arisen at garden construction sites since landscape construction and garden construction differ in terms of scope, size, design and construction methods. The purpose of this study was to develop standard estimates for garden construction for proper calculation of the cost of garden construction and to ensure gardens are created following appropriate construction processes. In order to develop standard estimates for garden construction, a preliminary survey was conducted on experts to understand current issues at first. After that, a questionnaire survey was done to examine problems of construction processes and ways of improvement, and on-site inspections were conducted utilizing CCTVs at construction sites to identify the actual amount of manpower required on site. Based on the results of the surveys and on-site inspections, a draft version of standard estimates for 5 types of planting work for garden construction was developed. Developing standard estimates for garden construction will serve as a stepping stone for the transparent and proper compensation for garden construction work, which will not only contribute to addressing issues between consumers and construction companies, but also to the stabilization of market economy and job creation.