• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

This paper analyzes how levels of logistics standardization are related to logistics costs. The study surveyed ratios of standard pallet use in order to measure levels of firms' standardization in logistics management. Research focused on how firms' logistics costs were related to their levels of logistics standardization and ratios of standard pallet use. After measuring use of standard pallets and logistics costs, optimal levels of logistics standardization were estimated based on survey data. Logistics costs and standardization were more related to labor than to freight volume or export. Results indicated that firms could reduce logistics costs by raising levels of logistics standardization; optimal levels of standard pallet use out of Korean firms' total manufacturing cargo volume were estimated at 44.26% for multi-standard pallets and 57.99% for a single standard pallet (a unit load system). The study demonstrated that adopting a single standard pallet results in better cost saving logistics systems than use of multi-standard pallet types. These results may explain why firms pursue standardization in logistics systems.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1748-1758
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• 2009

This paper has predicted that pallet will be increased according to the economy scale. However, the KS pallet is being used 41.8% and unit load pallet(T11) is only used 16.5%. Comparing to other country, Korea's using rate of standard pallet is a comparatively low. This paper suggests that policy and program of expansion of standard pallet should be needed. Moreover the concrete program have to be made like advanced countries.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.41-51
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• 2015

Purpose - This study analyzes loading efficiency by loading pattern for package standardization and reduction of logistics costs, along with the creation of revenue for the revenue review panel (RRP) of Membership Wholesale Clubs (MWC). The study aims to identify standard dimensions that can help improve the compatibility of the pallets related to display patterns preferred by the MWC and thereby explore ways to enhance logistics efficiency between manufacturers and retailers through standardization. Research design, data, and methodology - The study investigates and analyzes the current status based on actual case examples, i.e., manufacturer A and Korea's MWC (A company, B company, and C company), and thus devises improvement measures. To achieve this, the case of manufacturer A delivering to MWC was examined, and the actual pallet display patterns for each MWC were investigated by visiting each distribution site. In this study, TOPS (Total Optimization Packaging Software, USA) was used as the tool for pallet loading efficiency simulations the maximum allowable dimension was set to 0.0mm to prevent the pallet from falling outside the parameters, and the loading efficiency was analyzed with the pallet area. In other words, the study focused on dimensions (length x width x height) according to the research purpose and thereby deduced results. Results - The analysis of pallet loading patterns showed that the most preferred loading patterns for loading efficiency according to product specification, such as pinwheel, brick, and block patterns, were used in the case of the general distribution products, but the products were configured with block patterns in most cases when delivered to MWCs. The loading efficiency by loading pattern was analyzed with respect to 104 nationally listed standard dimensions. Meanwhile, No.51 (330 × 220mm) of KS T 1002 (1,100 × 1,100mm) was found to be the dimension that could bring about an improved loading efficiency, over 90.0% simultaneously in both the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems in a loading pattern configuration with the block pattern only, and the loading efficiency simulation results also confirmed this as the standard dimension that can be commonly applied to both the T-11 pallet (90.0%) and the T-12 pallet (90.7%) systems. Conclusions - The loading efficiency simulation results by loading pattern were analyzed: For the T-11 pallet system, 17 standard dimension sizes displayed the loading efficiency of 90.0% or more as block patterns, and the loading capacity was an average of 99.0%. For the T-12 pallet system, 35 standard dimension sizes displayed the loading efficiency of more than 90% as block patterns (the average loading efficiency of 98.6%). Accordingly, this study proposes that the standard dimensions of 17 sizes with the average loading efficiency of 99.0% should be applied in the use of the T-11 pallet system, and those of 35 sizes with the average loading efficiency of 98.6% should be reviewed and applied in the use of the T-12 pallet system.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.15-23
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• 2013

Purpose - This is a case study aimed at finding a solution for improving the pallet loading efficiency in the process of delivering products through a transshipment using the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems. The study proposes a solution by demonstrating the case of a certain manufacturer A, who aims to reduce the logistics cost by using packaging sizes that are commonly applicable and can improve the compatibility between the T-11 pallet system, designated as the standard pallet in Korea, and the T-12 pallet system, which is commonly used in other foreign countries. The use of common sizes increases compatibility among the two systems and reduces both logistics and environmental costs. Thus, this case study calculates the quantitative benefits of applying common packaging sizes to improve the compatibility between the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems. These systems are considered to be the most important and widely used transportation systems in the global logistics industry. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examined manufacturer A's representative product and delivery system and assessed how manufacturer A was affected by the use of incompatible packaging sizes in the T-11 (1100 mm×1100 mm) and T-12 (1200mm×1000 mm) pallet systems, which were specified in the KS T 1002 standard. In addition, this study analyzed the impact of these packaging sizes on A's logistics cost. The TOPS program (Total Packaging System) was used to simulate pallet loading efficiency,and the main parameter studied was volume, as calculated from length, width, and height. Results - When the sizes of secondary packaging were not compatible across the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems, a reduction in loading efficiency was observed, leading to an increase in logistics cost during transshipment. Such low loading efficiencies led to a further loss of efficiency in transportation, storage and unloading. This may have a possible environmental impact with high social expenses, such as increased CO₂ emissions. Hence, this study proposed that the KS T 1002 standard be amended to include 21 packaging sizes, including 7 sizes of the 600 mm×500 mm category, which are compatible with both the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems. Conclusions - This study found that the 69 standard sizes under the T-11 pallet system and the 40 standard sizes under the T-12 system in the KS T 1002 standard can be simplified and reduced to 21 mutually compatible packaging sizes, enabling logistics standardization and reducing national-level logistics costs. If the government pays attention to this study and considers the standardization of common sizes for the T-11 and T-12 pallet systems and amends the KS T 1002 standard, this study will deliver practical value to the global logistics industry, apart from being of academic significance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2005

Despite the variety in sizes and shapes of agricultural products, the unified standardization of packing has been a long time necessity. In this study the stacking efficiency of packing standards for each box using packing Monte Carlo simulation based on the standard pallet is evaluated. As a result of simulation the unified packing standard for agricultural products is suggested by 550$\times$366 mm. With this study it is expected that the unification of the standards can help to increase the utilization of reusable packages and to improve efficiency of agricultural logistics.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2006

Increasement of total cost during distribution chain requires packaging standardization to reduce extra handling and delays at transshipment point. In Korea, high valued agricultural products to export are most often shipped by air freight. Fresh flowers, in particular, the need to set package standard for air palletization are strongly recommended. This study tried to find an optimum standard dimensions for export packages. After extensive research on combinations of various flower dimensions, package dimensions and pallet sizes, we found that 96 inches pallet was most adequate for international air freight. Based on the results, new 40 standard package dimensions were introduced and stacking efficiencies were calculated.

• The monthly packaging world
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• s.101
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• pp.78-86
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• 2001

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.250-251
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• 2023

The pallet, typically a form of tertiary packaging, is a flat structure used as a base for the unitization of goods in the supply chain. In addition, standard pallets such as T-11 and T-12 are used throughout the logistics industry to reduce the cost and enhance the efficiency of transportation. However, in the case of special cargo, it is impossible to handle such cargo using a standard pallet due to its size and weight, so many have developed and are now using their customized pallet. Therefore, this study suggests a pallet size optimization method to calculate the optimal pallet size, which minimizes the loss of space on a pallet. The main input features are the specifications and the storage quantity of each cargo, and the optimization method that has modified the Neighborhood Search Algorithm calculates the optimal pallet size. In order to verify the optimality of the developed algorithm, a comparative analysis has been conducted through simulation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.59-71
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• 2019

The distribution logistics center has its own inventory, so designing an efficient storage area is very important. The purpose of this study is to present the optimal storage area calculation method for distribution logistics center considering the use of standard pallet unit load, and the results of this study are as follows. First, standard rack modules for storing T-11 and T-12 type pallet, which is generally used in Korea, were defined. Second, a variety of pallet transport equipments were investigated and analyzed to define the standard transport equipment's work passageway by type. Finally, it has great implications in terms of suggesting measures to minimize unused space that may occur during placement of pallet rack modules within storage space, as well as the easy and optimal calculation of the storage area for the distribution logistics center. Future research require a study on the layout of the entire distribution logistics center, which reflects the latest logistics technologies, such as standard rack modules for Mini-Load and GTP picking system.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1553-1560
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• 2008

The modern logistics has tried not only to convert the conventional packing system into unit load system using pallet but also to enhance the fitness between packing facilities and transport modes. This is based on the goal to reduce total logistics cost using logistics efficiency. Because the packing unit can affect on both loading rate and loading facilities, the basic form of packing unit is very important to the unit load system. In Korea, the standardization of logistics has been centered on pallet, and the basic condition will be continued except of the variety of standardized pallet form. Because of this, to enhance the standardization of pallet, it is necessary to develop new standard size and form of pallet. The object of this study is to develop a new method of collecting the effectiveness of standardized packing module. The new method is based on measure of effectiveness (MOE) which can be developed by expert survey. This study has originality from the fact that the collecting method for effectiveness of pallet standardization has not been developed up to now.