• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

This paper analyzes the relationship between two representative statistical methods for bandwidth extension (BWE): Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) ones, and compares their performances. The HMM method is a memory-based system which was developed to take advantage of the inter-frame dependency of speech signals. Therefore, it could be expected to estimate better the transitional information of the original spectra from frame to frame. To verify it, a dynamic measure that is an approximation of the 1st-order derivative of spectral function over time was introduced in addition to a static measure. The comparison result shows that the two methods are similar in the static measure, while, in the dynamic measure, the HMM method outperforms explicitly the GMM one. Moreover, this difference increases in proportion to the number of states of HMM model. This indicates that the HMM method would be more appropriate at least for the 'blind BWE' problem. On the other hand, nevertheless, the GMM method could be treated as a preferable alternative of the HMM one in some applications where the static performance and algorithm complexity are critical.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.43-57
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate results of cervix cytology screening in the community and to determine the risk factors of cervical abnormality. Branch of Daejeon city and Chungnam Province, The Planed Parenthood Federation of Korea had conducted cervical cancer screening of 146,848 married women in Chungnam province from 1995 to 1999. Cervical cancer screening was Pap smear using cytolgic brush swab by trained nurse. Women who had abnormal finding of 1st Pap smear screening were followed re- examination and 2nd close examination. Crude prevalence rate of cytologic abnormalities for 1st screening results was 0.63% in 1995- 1999(1995 0.68%, 1996 0.59%, 1997 0.70%, 1998 0.56%, 1999 0.62%). Crude prevalence rate of above class III for 1st screening results was 0.61%, but crude prevalence rate of above class III for the results of re- examination and 2nd close examination was 2.2/ 1000. The false-positive rate of class III, IV and V for positive findings were defined above class II(cervicitis) results were 52.6%, 26.9% and 19.0%, respectively. And the false- positive rate of class III, IV and V for positive findings were defined above class III(dysplasia) results were 75.3%, 46.2% and 47.6%, respectively. Major predictors of risk factors for abnormal results of cervix screening on the multiple logistic regression were age, educational attainment and living area. The false-positive rate of cervix cytology screening in the community were highest result so cervix cytology screening should be improve for better diagnostic power. And the finding of logistic regression would be understand within the limit of experimental trials on the relationship between cervical disease and risk factors.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 2016

In the 21st century when people're pursuing the qualitative improvement of life, the concern about the quality of housing is growing as living standards have been improved and the desire for life has been various. Life satisfaction can be found that basic needs of residential satisfaction have been met in life, and the quality of life will be higher with the fulfillment of these desires. Humans all live in social relations, which have a big impact on the quality of life of individuals in a variety of aspects. Thus, this researcher tried to investigate middle-aged people's residential environment and the actual situation of social capital and to examine the effect of social capital on the relationship between residential environment satisfaction and life satisfaction through an empirical study. The survey was conducted for middle-aged people to collect data, 500 copies of a questionnaire were distributed and 490 of them were collected, and then the actual analysis of 484 copies without missing values was done using SPSS Ver. 21.0. As a result, first, middle-aged people's residential environment had a significant effect on life satisfaction. Second, moderating effects of social capital between middle-aged people's residential environment satisfaction and life satisfaction showed a partly significant influence. Depending on these results, the researcher try to offer the direction for the improvement of the quality of life to middle-aged people and useful data to establish Korea housing policy.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Objectives: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. Methods: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ${\geq}19$ years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. Results: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. $631.6 {\mu}gRE/day$) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). Conclusions: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2012

The dose re-calculation process using Megavoltage cone-beam CT images is inevitable process to perform the Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART). The purpose of this study is to improve dose re-calculation accuracy using MVCBCT images by applying intensity calibration method and three dimensional rigid body transform and filtering process. The three dimensional rigid body transform and Gaussian smoothing filtering process to MVCBCT Rando phantom images was applied to reduce image orientation error and the noise of the MVCBCT images. Then, to obtain the predefined modification level for intensity calibration, the cheese phantom images from kilo-voltage CT (kV CT), MVCBCT was acquired. From these cheese phantom images, the calibration table for MVCBCT images was defined from the relationship between Hounsfield Units (HUs) of kV CT and MVCBCT images at the same electron density plugs. The intensity of MVCBCT images from Rando phantom was calibrated using the predefined modification level as discussed above to have the intensity of the kV CT images to make the two images have the same intensity range as if they were obtained from the same modality. Finally, the dose calculation using kV CT, MVCBCT with/without intensity calibration was applied using radiation treatment planning system. As a result, the percentage difference of dose distributions between dose calculation based on kVCT and MVCBCT with intensity calibration was reduced comparing to the percentage difference of dose distribution between dose calculation based on kVCT and MVCBCT without intensity calibration. For head and neck, lung images, the percentage difference between kV CT and non-calibrated MVCBCT images was 1.08%, 2.44%, respectively. In summary, our method has quantitatively improved the accuracy of dose calculation and could be a useful solution to enhance the dose calculation accuracy using MVCBCT images.