• Title/Summary/Keyword: Spraying time

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The characteristics of farmer's dermal exposure during pesticide spraying and dilution in cut rose greenhouse (절화장미 시설하우스에서 방제 작업시 농약의 피부노출 특성)

  • Kim, Hyo-Cher;Kim, Kyung-Ran;Lee, Kyung-Suk;Kim, Kyung-Su;Cho, Kyun-Ah
    • Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.203-211
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    • 2007
  • This study was conducted in cut rose cultivation field in Goyang to evaluate pesticide exposure of farmers and the relationship between the exposure and work environment/method for cut rose farmers. Dermal exposure was assessed with patch (thin chromatography layer paper), cotton glove by body parts during mixing and spraying works in which pyrethroid, organophosphate, carbamate pesticide were used in 4 cut rose greenhouses located in Goyang province, checking characteristics of environment/working method at the same time. Body parts assessed were as follows ; glove : hand, patch : head, neck(front/back), chest, back, shoulder(right/left), upperarm(right/left), forearm(right/left), thigh(right/left), shin(right/left). Pesticides were analyzed using gas chromatography(NPD/FID) after extracting with ethyl acetate. Exposure amount differed according to pesticide type. But after standardizing with total net weight of pesticide sprayed, there were no significant difference among pesticides. There were significant difference in exposure amount among body parts(especially exposure amount of thigh, shin were more than the others), which means exposure happen not by pesticide dispersion in air but by contact with cut rose(leaf, branch) indirectly. Walking forward during spraying made farmers more exposed than waling backward, these results means contacts with leaves/branches made exposure happen in cut rose greenhouse also. As a result, pesticide exposure in cut rose greenhouse was related with contact of leaf/branch which pesticide remained in, which made exposure pattern (especially exposure amount) differ by body parts

Effects of Foliar Application of CaCl2 on Ca Content and Occurrence and Alleviation of Blossom-end Rot of Paprika During High Temperature Season (고온기 CaCl2 엽면 살포가 파프리카 칼슘함량, 배꼽썩음과 발생과 경감에 미치는 영향)

  • Oh, Jeong Sim;Lee, Yong-Beom;Bae, Jong Hyang;Na, Jong Kuk;Choi, Ki Young
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.263-270
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    • 2021
  • This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of CaCl2 foliar spraying on the inhibition of blossom-end rot (BER) in hot summer paprika (Capsicum annum L. 'Special') cultivation. The effect of CaCl2 application was examined by the foliar application based on different fruit size, frequency, and spraying time. Also, it was investigated the occurrence and alleviation effect of BER symptom. Foliar application of CaCl2 (Ca 0.4%) was conducted by treating a fruit and leaf at 4 to 9 nodes above the crown flowers of each plant with 350 mL per week from June 3 to July 1. When the CaCl2 was sprayed at 7-day intervals for 4 weeks, the Ca content was the lowest in the fruit harvested with BER symptom in 11 to 20 mm of fruit width (FW). Four different regions in both BER symptom and normal fruits showed significant differences of Ca content, the highest was in pedicel, followed by stem-end, middle, and blossom-end. The Ca content increased sharply in normal paprika with 31-40 mm FW, in which Ca content was 78% higher than that of BER. Ca content in the middle and blossom-end of paprika over 21 mm in FW ranged 19.8% to 28.8% in normal fruits and 15.7% to 18.5% in BER, respectively. The incidence of BER increased rapidly by more than 60% in fruits with 31-40 mm FW. While there was no difference in fruit weight among the FW treatment, marketable yield rate was highest in the 21-30 mm FW, and the sugar content was high in the 11-30mm FW. When CaCl2 was applied three times for 7 days to a paprika having a 21- 30 mm FW, the cell wall-bound (CWB) Ca content was the highest and the rate of BER was lowest with 6.3%. After 10 days of CaCl2 foliar spray treatment, the CWB Ca content of paprika increased by 2.9 to 3.5 times compared to the control in all treatments. At 7 days after the CaCl2 foliar spraying once a day at varying spraying time, the leaf burn observed from 9:30 a.m. to 17:00 p.m. and the proline content increased as the spraying time was delayed. Therefore, the CaCl2 foliar spraying method for reducing of BER occurrence during paprika summer cultivation seems to be appropriate to spray 2-3 times at intervals of 3 days and before 8 a.m. at the time when the FW is 21-30 mm.

Pollution Research about Radiology radiographic laboratory (방사선 영상학 실습실 오염실태 조사 (D대학교 DR장비와 방사선 발생장치, Cassette 오염실태 조사))

  • Park, Chang-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Digital Imaging in Medicine
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 2013
  • We checked the existence of bacteria at DR equipment, radiation generator and cassette in 'D university' to propose optimized management method for bacteria and disinfection at DR equipment, radiation generator and cassette at used in radiographic laboratory of the department of radiology. The infected region is treated by alcohol and cresol and compared before spraying and after spraying for 1, 3, 5 and 10 minutes. As time goes on, amount of bacteria colony decreases significantly. The Cresol is useful to disinfect the diminutive devices. However alcohol disinfection, at least 5 minutes later, and hand washing before practical training and shooting image is recommended due to the big and fixed radiography equipment which cause the soakage.

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Chemical Control of Gray Blight of Tea in Korea

  • Shin, Gil-Ho;Hur, Jae-Seoun;Koh, Young-Jin
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.162-165
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    • 2000
  • Screening of effective fungicides, determination of effective fungicide application time and investigation of the emergence of resistant isolates to fungicides were conducted to establish effective chemical control strategy of gray blight of tea (Camellia sinensis) in Korea. Systemic fungicides, such as bitertanol, were effective for controlling gray blight when the fungicides were sprayed within 3 days after cutting tea leaves for harvest. Sprayed immediately after cutting, contact fungicides such as chlorothalonil were also effective, but control efficacy rapidly decreased with lengthening of the intervals between cutting and spraying. Korean isolates of P. longiseta and P. theae were still sensitive to bitertanol or fluazinam. However, the isolates highly insensitive to copper hydroxide or thiophanate-methyl have already emerged in Korea. Therefore, careful attention should be paid to use of fungicides and spraying programs for the effective control of gray blight of tea in Korea.

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A study on the Al cementation and formation of corrosion-resisting, hardening layer on the steel surface by the arc spray method (아크 용사법에 의한 강재표면에의 Aluminum침수 및 내식, 경화성 피막형성에 관한 연구)

  • 김영식;배차헌;오재환;문경만
    • Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.64-77
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    • 1989
  • In this study, the experiments were carried out for the purpose of establishment of aluminium cementation to steel surface by diffusible heat treatment after making the coated film onto the substrate by arc spray method. Also, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the cementation layer produced by this study were inspected for various heat treatment and spraying conditions. Main results obtained are as follow ; 1. The coating film characteristics which have excellent errosion-resistance, high temperature oxidation-resistance are obtained by aluminium penetration heat treatment after making the sprayed aluminum coating film onto the steel substrate. 2. Aluminium diffusion penetration takes place at higher temperature than 660.deg.C, and the more heat treatment time and the higher heat treatment temperature adopted, the deeper diffusion layer obtained. 3. Insert gas arc spraying using argon gas as the carrier gas higher improvement of mechanical property than that of compressed air environment. 4. The coating film characteristics appeared to be improvement of adhesive property, porosity plugging effect by heat treatment in air environment.

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Influence of Mold Temperature, Lubricant and its Additional Quantity on Compressibility in Warm Compaction

  • Ushirozako, Tsutomu;Yamamoto, Masayuki
    • Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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    • 2006.09a
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    • pp.195-196
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    • 2006
  • In recent years, demands for sintered ferrous material with higher strength are increasing. To satisfy these demands, studies and commercial use of the die wall lubrication method, the warm compaction method and the combination of both methods are widely carried out to achieve high density. The die wall lubrication warm compaction method makes it possible to achieve high density by reducing internal lubricant through die wall lubrication, although the method involves several issues such as prolonged cycle time due to lubricant spraying and difficulty in spraying lubricant in the case of compacting with complicated geometry. Meanwhile, the conventional warm compaction method requiring no die wall lubricant application cannot achieve such a high density as in the case of die wall lubrication warm compaction due to higher volume of internal lubricant. However, this report discloses our study result in which the possibility of improving density is exhibited by using a lubricant type with superior dynamic ejection property that can reduce volume of lubricant additive.

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A New Formulation of Controlled Release Amitriptyline Pellets and Its In Vivo/In Vitro Assessments

  • Park, Eun-Seok;Lee, Dong-Soo;Kwon, Seok-Young;Chi, Sang-Cheol
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.26 no.7
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    • pp.569-574
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    • 2003
  • Controlled-release amitriptyline pellets (ATP) were formulated and its oral bioavailability was assessed in human volunteers after oral administration under fasting conditions. Core pellets were prepared using a CF granulator by two different methods (powder layering and solvent spraying) and coated with Eudragit RS or RL 100. Physical characteristics and dissolution rates of core pellets and coated pellets were evaluated to optimize the formulation. Powder layering method resulted in a better surface morphology than solvent spraying method. However, physical properties of the products were poorer when prepared by powder layering method with respect to hardness, friability and density. The dissolution profile of amitriptyline coated with Eudragit RS 100 was comparable to that of commercially available amitriptyline enteric-coated pellets ($Saroten^{\circledR}$ retard). After the oral administration of both products at the dose of 50 mg, the mean maximum concentrations ($C_{max}$) were 36.4 and 29.7 ng/mL, and the mean areas under the concentration-time curve ($AUC_{0-96}$) were 1180.2 and 1010.7 ng.h/mL for ATP and Saroten retard, respectively. The time to reach the maximum concentrations ($T_{max}$) was 6 h for both formulations. Statistical evaluation suggested that ATP was bioequivalent to Saroten retard.

Effect of Spraying Lime-Bordeaux Mixture as Concentration and Appling Time Series on Growth and Disease Occurrence of Three-year-old Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) (석회보르도액 살포농도 및 시기가 3년생 인삼의 생육과 병방제에 미치는 효과)

  • Jung, Won Kwon;Ahn, Deok Jong;Choi, Jin Kook;Jang, Myeong Hwan;Kwon, Tae Ryong
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.174-178
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    • 2013
  • Lime-bordeaux mixture has been used to prevent diseases in the field of ginseng. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of lime-bordeaux depending on the concentration and treatment time on major diseases of ginseng such as Alternaria blight and anthracnose, and to evaluate the root growth of ginseng. Lime-bordeaux caused damage on leaf when it was sprayed on ginseng between April and early May. No difference was found in root growth by spraying lime-bordeaux mixture between ratio 4-4 and 8-8 ratio in concentration. Plot of 6-6 raito and 8-8 ratio appeared to be similar efficacy compared to that of practical chemical control. However, the plot of 4-4 ratio showed lower than that of chemical control.

Investigating coating material and conditions for rehabilitation of water transmission pipe using a robotic system (자동화 장비를 이용한 대형 상수관로 갱생을 위한 코팅재료 선정 및 방법에 관한 연구)

  • kim, Jinwon;Kim, Donghyun;Lee, Younggun;Lee, Sewan;Kim, Dooil
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.725-736
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    • 2016
  • There is a growing concern on the improvement of water distribution pipeline for multi-regional water supply system in Korea along with its aging infrastructure. Rehabilitation of large diameter pipeline is more efficient in cost and time compared to replacement with trenching. The procedure for rehabilitation are diagnosis, cleaning, spraying coating material, and final inspection. The internal state of pipeline was carefully diagnosed and got C grade, which required rehabilitation. We found that 17,274,787,000 Korean won could be saved after pipe surface coating because of increased C coefficient of Hazen-Williams equation. Optimal coating material was D polyurea. We also found optimal distance between spraying nozzle and pipe wall to be 70 - 80 cm, which were critical factors for coating quality. This study also illustrated the time for spray drying to be more than 30 min. These results could be used in the quality control process during rehabilitation of aged pipelines.

Use of Sprinkler System for Production Forest Management of Pine Mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) (살수장치(撒水裝置)를 이용(利用)한 송이산 관리(管理)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Chung, Sang Bae;Kim, Chul Su
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.94 no.1 s.158
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    • pp.21-25
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    • 2005
  • In order to prevent the pine mushrooms, Tricholoma matsutake, from being damaged by the pine needle gall midges, Thecodiplosis japonensis, and thereby, to increase their production and improve their quality, a sprinkler system was installed on the mushroom field. A low-concentration insecticide (deltamethrin 1% EC, x2,000) was sprayed once at insects' most active time every day during the period of insects' adult occurrence and thereafter, the irrigation by ground water spraying was periodically enforced. Such a test was conducted at Yangyang-Gun, Kwangwon-do, Korea for 2 years from 2000 through 2001. The pine needle gall midges generally emerged for about 40 days from late May to early July. 50% emergence of them was about June 6, and peak emergence (more than 80%) was early or mid-June. Gall formation rate was 3.5% on average with this ground insecticide spraying, while 51.3% when not treated. Control effectiveness of this insecticide spraying was 92.3%, which was higher than 82.5% by the conventional injection of insecticide into tree stems. Pine mushrooms emerged for about 35 days from mid-September through earlier October, and around 80% of them did for about 15 days from late September through early October. As a result of the periodic ground water-spraying (30 mm per week) for 2 months (from August to October), the production of mushrooms increased by 74.3% (110% in terms of weight), with their quality improvement. The mushrooms produced from the treated stand by the spraying system were priced 8,670,000 wons per hectare, and thus, the net income deducting the facility and management cost was 4,310,000 wons, about 5% higher than value from the control stand. It was analyzed that this treatment was significantly cost effective when the facilities are used more than 5 years.