• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.726-739
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• 2003

A multi-dimensioanl model is being increasingly used to predict the thermo-flow field in the gas turbine combustor. This article addresses an integrated survey of modeling of the liquid spray formation and fuel distribution in gas turbine with high-shear nozzle/swirler assembly. The processes of concern include breakup of a liquid jet injected through a hole type orifice into air stream, spray-wall interaction and spray-film interaction, breakup of liquid sheet into ligaments and droplet,5, and secondary droplet breakup. Atomization of liquid through hole nozzle is described using a liquid blobs model and hybrid model of Kelvin-Helmholtz wave and Rayleigh-Taylor wave. The high-speed viscous liquid sheet atomization on the pre-filmer is modeled by a linear stability analysis. Spray-wall interaction model and liquid film model over the wall surface are also considered.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.86-100
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• 1998

The impingement of the fuel spray on the wall within the combustion chamber in compact high-pressure injection engines and on the intake port wall in port-fuel-inje- ction type engines is unavoidable. It is important to understand the characteristics of impinging spray because it influences on the rate of fuel evaporation and droplet distrib- ution etc. In this study, the numerical study for the characteristics of spray/wall interaction is performed to test the applicability and reliability of spray/wall impingement models. The impingement models used are stick model, reflect model, jet model and Watkins and Park's model. The head of wall-jet eminating radilly outward from the spray impingement site contains a vortex. Small droplets are deflected away from the wall by the stagnation flow field and the gas wall-jet flow. While the larger droplets with correspondingly higher momentum are impinged on the wall surface and them are moved along the wall and are rolled up by wall-jet vortex. Using the Watkins and Park's model the predicted results show the most reasonable trend. The rate of increase of spread and the height of the developing wall-spray is predicted to decrease with increased ambient pressure(gas density).

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1101-1117
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• 2006

In the present article, recent progress of spray-wall interaction research has been reviewed. Studies on the spray-wall interaction phenomena can be categorized mainly into three groups: experiments on single drop impact and spray (multiple-drop) impingement, and development of comprehensive models. The criteria of wall-impingement regimes (i.e., stick, rebound, spread, splash, boiling induced breakup, breakup, and rebound with breakup) and the post-impingement characteristics (mostly for splash and rebound) are the main subjects of the single-drop impingement studies. Experimental studies on spray-wall impingement phenomena cover examination of the outline shape and internal structure of a spray after the wall impact. Various prediction models for the spray-wall impingement phenomena have been developed based on the experiments on the single drop impact and the spray impingement. In the present article, details on the wall-impingement criteria and post-impingement characteristics of single drops, external and internal structures of the spray after the wall impact, and their prediction models are reviewed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.30-37
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• 2001

Most gasoline engines employ a port injection system to achieve the better fuel-air mixing. A part of injected fuels adheres to the wall or intake valve and forms a film of liquid fuel. The other is secondarily atomized by the spray-wall interaction. A better understanding of this interaction will help in designing injection systems and controlling the strategies to improve engine performance and exhaust emissions. In the present research, the spray-wall interaction was investigated by a laser sheet visualization method. The shape of sprays was pictured at various impinging velocities and angles. The fuel dispersion was estimated by fluorescence light, and the atomization was evaluated by the enlarged images of droplets. The experimental results were compared with model predictions which are based on OPT method. The model has been modified to have the better agreement with the experimental result, and was implemented in the KIVA-II code.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.951-961
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• 2001

The present article presents an extension to the computational model for spray/wall interaction and liquid film processes that has been dealt with in the earlier studies (Lee and Ryou, 2000a). The extensions incorporate film spread due to impingement forces and dynamic motion induced by film inertia to predict the dynamic characteristics of wall films effectively. The film model includes the impingement pressure of droplets, tangential momentum transfer due to the impinging droplets on the film surface and the gas shear force at the film surface. Validation of the spray/wall interaction model and the film model was carried out for non-evaporative diesel sprays against several sources of experimental data. The computational model for spray/wall interactions was in good agreement with experimental data for both spray radius and height. The film model in the present work was better than the previous static film model, indicating that the dynamic effects of film motion should be considered for wall films. On the overall the present film model was acceptable for predication of the film radius and thickness.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.374-383
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• 2001

The spray/wall interaction is considered as an important phenomenon influencing air-fuel mixing in the internal combustion engines. In order to adequately represent the spray/wall interaction process, impingement regimes and post-impingement behavior have been modeled using experimental data and conservation constraints. The modeled regimes were stick, rebound, spread and splash. The tangential velocities of splashing droplets were obtained using a theoretical relationship. The continuous phase was modeled using the Eulerian conservation equations, and the dispersed phase was calculated using a discrete droplet model. The numerical simulations were compared to experimental results for spray impingement normal to the wall. The predictions for the secondary droplet velocities and droplet sizes were in good agreement with the experimental data.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.376-385
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• 2002

Spray impingement and fuel film formation models with cavitation have been developed and incorporated into the computational fluid dynamics code, STAR-CD. The spray/wall interaction process was modeled by considering the effects of surface temperature conditions and fuel film formation. The behavior of fuel droplets after impingement was divided into rebound, spread and splash using the Weber number and parameter K(equation omitted). The spray impingement model accounts for mass conservation, energy conservation, and heat transfer to the impinging droplets. The fuel film formation model was developed by integrating the continuity, momentum, and energy equations along the direction of fuel film thickness. Zero dimensional cavitation model was adopted in order to consider the cavitation phenomena and to give reasonable initial conditions for spray injection. Numerical simulations of spray tip penetration, spray impingement patterns, and the mass of film-state fuel matched well with the experimental data. The spray impingement and fuel film formation models have been applied to study spray/wall impingement in high-speed direct injection diesel engines.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.68-72
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• 2008

NUFLEX is a general purpose thermo/fluid flow analysis program which has various physical models including spray. In NUFLEX, spray models are composed of breakup and collision models of droplet. However, in case of diesel engine, interaction between wall-film and impingement model considering heat transfer is not coded in NUFLEX. In this study, Lee & Ryou impingement & wall-film model considering heat transfer is applied to NUFLEX. For the verification of this NUFLEX program, numerical results are compared with experimental data. Differences of film thickness and radius between numerical results and experimental data are within 10% error range. The results show that NUFLEX can be used for comprehensive analysis of spray phenomena.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.1010-1019
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• 2000

The main purpose of this article is to propose and assess a new spray impingement model considering film formation, which is capable of describing the droplet distribution and film flows in direct injection diesel engines. The spray-wall interaction model includes several mathematical formulae, newly made by the energy conservation law and some experimental results. The model consists of three representative regimes, rebound, deposition and splash. In addition, the film flow is described in the present model by solving the continuity and momentum equations for film flows using the integral method. To assess the new spray impingement model, the calculated results using the new model are compared with several experimental data for the normally impinging diesel sprays. The film model is also validated through comparing film radius and thickness against experimental data. The results show that the new model is generally in better agreement with experimental data and acceptable for prediction of the film radius and thickness.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.8-15
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• 1997

Combustion chamber systems using spray impinged on walls have been studied for improving combustion characteristics in high speed direct injection diesel engines. The fuel spray injected in a small combustion chamber may be easily impinged and deposited on the wall. The fuel deposit has been considered as the cause for unburned emission due to difficulty of fuel-air mixing. In this paper w-shaped combustion chamber which has four raised pips on the side wall is introduced and discussed by comparing with conventional chamber with no pips. The computer code employing new spray-wall interaction model in general non-orthogonal grids is used in here. The model is applied into the new chamber shape with raised pips. In this chamber system four-hole nozzle is used, and the sprays injected from the each hole impact on lands raised from the chamber wall surface. After impacting, the sprays break up into much smaller drops and distribute over all the chamber space, instead of distributing just near the wall surface in conventional omega-shape. The results showed the potential of the w-shaped chamber employing pips for dispersing droplets so as tn avoid the fuel deposit regions.