• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-35
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• 2023

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of ethyl chloride spray during arteriovenous fistula puncture on pain, depression, and noncompliance in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study used a randomized controlled trial design on adults with chronic renal failure who received hemodialysis treatment through arteriovenous fistula. Ethyl chloride spray was applied to 20 subjects in the experimental group during arteriovenous fistula puncture, and a placebo spray was applied to 20 subjects in the control group; the intervention was conducted 12 times for 4 weeks. A total of 33 participants were used in the final analysis. The outcomes were measured using the face pain rating scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and modified United States Renal Data System tools. Results: As a result of the pre-homogeneity test between the two groups, it was confirmed that the sexes were not homogeneous. Therefore, sex was treated as a covariate and analyzed. Puncture pain was significantly reduced in the experimental group (p<.001). However there was no significant difference between the groups in depression and noncompliance. Conclusion: Ethyl chloride spray was convenient and effective pain management intervention for both hemodialysis patients and medical staff.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

In order to obtain efficient control effect of the pesticide, it is important to ensure uniform adhesion to the desired plant parts at the right time. Pesticide spray method (application technology) is an important factor affecting the efficacy and crops persistent expression. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient system to investigate the coating weight distribution of citrus leaves due to the difference between the nozzle and spray sprinkler system using dithianon used in citrus scab. Other An, engine type sprayer was used as the control. Speed sprayer and different sprinklers were wsed to way the deposit amounts of dithianon on citrus leaves. The test was conducted at the National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science Citrus Research Station, located in the circle citrus Jeju Island. In order to examine whether the citrus orchard spray and the evenl on the whole, dithianon (43% flowable 1000-fold dilution) was sprayed, filter paper and leaves were analyzed by the height as top, middle, bottom. Speed sprayer the was most effective on depositing at the middle position, of the leaves. All other sprays the leaces except the dry mist sprinkler were not effective enough to deposit on the back sides. To achieve more deposits on the high position leaves, an improve ment in the nozzle and an efficient power system of sprayer were needed.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.33-41
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• 1998

In recently, a study on the lean combustion is investigated intensively, because it is expected that this method may decrease the harmful exhaust gas and improve fuel economy in gasoline engine. The problems of lean combustion system in gasoline engine are ignition difficulty, misfire and instability of combustion. The investigation on the optimization of fuel metering and the control of mixing gas flow may be critical to improve the performance of lean combustion. In the fuel injection gasoline engine, the formation of mixture influences strongly on the engine performance such that the importance of fuel metering system becomes apparent. First of all, a study on the fuel breakup characteristics of gasoline fuel injector was carried out in this paper. Fuel injectors are pintle and 4hole-2spray type. The purpose of this study is to clarify the atomization mechanism of spray injected into atomosphere field through electronic controlled-fuel injectors, and to analyze spray characteristics such as drop size distribution and mean drop diameter produced at fuel injector. In this paper, the spray development is observed by taking photograps using 80mm still-camera system, and drop sizes are measured by PMAS. From these experiment, spray pattern injected from gasoline fuel injectors was investigated clearly. Also, it was found that SMD and drop size distribution of injected fuel spray from gasoline fuel injectors.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.101.3-101
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• 2002

Contents 1 Abstract- In the thermal power plant, there are six manipulated variables; main steam flow, feedwater flow, air flow, spray flow, fuel flow, and gas recirculation flow. Therefore, the thermal power plant control system is a multi-input and output system. In the control system, the main steam temperature typically is regulated by the fuel flow rate and the spray flow rate, and the reheater steam temperature is regulated by the gas recirculation flow rate. Up to the present time, the PID controller has been used to operate this system. This paper focuses on the characteristic comparison of the PID controller, the modified 2-DOF PID Controller on the DCS, in order to design an optimal...

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.179-184
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• 2000

This study was conducted to improve control system of insect pests, especially western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and two-spotted spider mites, Tetreanychus urticae, of rose greenhouses. Density of thrips was relatively higher in yellow flowers than in pink or redflowers, while there was no difference in density of two-spotted spider mites by flower colors. In pest control by an automatic monorail sprayer, 89% labor and 18.2% chemical savings, as compared to the conventional high pressure spray method, were achieved without lowering the pest control effectiveness. By using an adhesive agent in combination with acaricide, adhesion of chemical to crops increased by 25% and control effect on two-spotted spider mites increased by 20.5% as compared acaricide spray alone.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.365-371
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• 2011

In Nigeria, malaria causes up to 11% of maternal mortality. Our main aim was to find out the most common mosquito control measures employed by the pregnant women in Lagos and their effects on malaria infection. The study was carried out over a period of 6 months during which trained interviewers administered questionnaires to 400 pregnant women. The prevalence of malaria was 8.4%. There was no significant association between the prevalence of malaria and age, level of education, or occupation of the participants. Pregnant women in the age range 26-30 had the mean parasite density ($409.9{\pm}196.80$). Insecticide spray (32.8%), mosquito coil (27.5%), and insecticide-treated nets (ITN) (15.5%) were the major mosquito control measures employed by the participants while the prevalence of infection among them were 2.3%, 6.2%, and 3.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Only 18.3% of the women had taken more than one dose of intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), while another 11.8% had taken a single dose. The infection rate among them was 4.1% and 6.4%, respectively. Malaria prevalence was highest among those who had not received any dose of IPT (10%). This study showed that the use of ITN and IPT among the pregnant women were still unacceptably low. It also showed that the use of insecticide spray which was the most common malaria control measure adopted by the participants was effective despite the fact that it is not a National Malaria Control Policy. We recommend that a sustained integrated mosquito man-agement and public education should be strengthened in Nigeria.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.31-50
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• 2016

To develope a greenhouse fog cooling system to control the temperature and relative humidity simultaneously to the target value, a theoretical analysis and experiments were done. The control process includes the measuring of environmental variables, setting and coding of the water and heat balance equations to maintain the target temperature and relative humidity in greenhouse, calculating of the open level of the greenhouse roof window that governs the natural ventilation and spray water quantity, and operating of the motor to open/close the roof window and pump to spray for water. The study results were shown to be very good because the average air temperature in the greenhouse was kept to be about $28.2^{\circ}C$ with the standard deviation of about $0.37^{\circ}C$ compared to the target temperature of $28^{\circ}C$ and the average relative humidity was about 75.2% compared to the target relative humidity was 75% during the experiments. The average outside relative humidity was about 41.0% and the average outside temperature was $27.2^{\circ}C$ with the standard deviation of about $0.54^{\circ}C$. The average solar intensity in the greenhouse was 712.9 W. The wind velocity of outside greenhouse was 0.558 m/s with the standard deviation of 0.46 m/s.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 1995.11a
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• pp.24-24
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• 1995

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2010

The effects of foliar spray of calcium hydroxide ($Ca(OH)_2$) during fruit growth period was investigated by changes of the shoot growth and fruit quality in 'Daewol' peach (Prunus persica). Since foliar spray of $Ca(OH)_2$ 1, 2, 5, and 10 $g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at 7 day-intervals after fruit thinning, shoot growth was remarkably decreased compared with control group. An average SPAD value of fifth leaf from proximal part of the shoot was higher as 42.1 specific color difference sensor value (SCDSV) of $Ca(OH)_2$ foliar spraying treatments than 40.9 SCDSV of control group. Photosynthesis rates were also significantly increased by treating $Ca(OH)_2$ of higher concentration. Among fruit characteristics affecting quality, fruit weight was increased depending on concentration of $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment. The soluble solids content was lowest in control group (8.78 $^{\circ}Brix$) compare with higher concentrations of $Ca(OH)_2$ foliar spraying treatment in each 9.17, 9.22, 9.71, 10.58 $^{\circ}Brix$. The acidity and anthocyanin contents were no significant differences among treatment, but firmness of pericarp and flesh of fruits was significantly increased by $Ca(OH)_2$ foliar spray treatment. As a results of morphological observation of leaf, thickness of palisade parenchyma was thinner in control group (63.5 ${\mu}m$) than those of each 86.5, 87.5, 93.6, 107.4 ${\mu}m$ in $Ca(OH)_2$ foliar spraying treatment. Higher $Ca(OH)_2$ foliar spray also increased the thickness of cell wall of epidermis and hypodermis in 'Daewol' fruit.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

The efficacy of petroleum spray oil (PSO; D-C Tron $Plus^{(R)}$) against spirea aphid (Aphis citricola) and two scales (lcerya purchasi and Planococcus cryptus) on citrus was tested in Jeju, Korea. The control value of 0.33% PSO against spirea aphid was over 90% at 3 and 6 days after treatment (DAT), and then decreased to about 80% at 9 and 14 DAT. Spraying of PSO (0.33, 0.66, 1%) against cottony-cushion scale showed a much lower control value (less than 50%) during the investigation period compared to that of the conventional pesticide (Methion). When used against tile scale, Planococcus cryptus, the control value of 1% PSO was 95%, but that of 0.33% and 0.66% PSO only ranged from 50 to 80%, lower than the conventional pesticide. The results of this study, as with a previous study, suggest that spraying of 0.33% and 0.5% PSO not only controls the spirea aphid, but also reduces the density of two scales (lcerya purchasi and Planococcus cryptus) on citrus tree in Jeju, without phytotoxic damage.