• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.296-302
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• 2013

The effects of temperature on spore release, growth and photosynthetic efficiency of Lithophyllum yessoense and Hildenbrandia rubra were examined. L. yessoense was collected at Galnam and H. rubra was collected at Gyeokpo, Korea. The experimental temperatures were different for spore release (10, 15, $20^{\circ}C$), sporeling growth (10, 15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$) and photosynthetic efficiency (10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$). All other culture conditions were the same: 34 psu, 12:12 LD and $50{\mu}mol$ photon $m^{-2}s^{-1}$. Spore liberation was maximal at $10^{\circ}C$ for L. yessoense and at $20^{\circ}C$ for H. rubra. After 14 days, the surface area of L. yessoense was 0.031 $mm^2$ at $25^{\circ}C$ and for H. rubra was 0.032 $mm^2$ at $20^{\circ}C$. Sporelings of L. yessoense were a dark-red color and grew in a round shape. In contrast, H. rubra was bright pink and changed from a round shape in the early growth stage to later become flabelliform. Photosynthetic efficiency was highest between $20-25^{\circ}C$ in both species. In conclusion, L. yessoense and H. rubra display different physiological features based on the optimal temperatures for spore release and sporling growth.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1996

The mature spores of present Myxobolus sp. was ovoid in front view with no distinct redges of folds, lemon-shaped in side view with a straight sutural ridge. Spore valves showed symmetrical and smooth. Spores were 9 to $12{\mu}m$ (Mean=$10.4{\pm}0.7$, n=50)in length, 6 to $9{\mu}m$ (Mean=$7.7{\pm}0.6$, n=50) in width and 5.0 to $7.5{\mu}m$ (Mean=6.2, n=7) in thickness. Two polar capsules of spore were pyriform in shape, equal or mearly equal in size, 3 to $6{\mu}m$(Mean=$4.6{\pm}0.6$, n=50) in length, 2 to $3{\mu}m$(Mean=$2.2{\pm}0.3$, n=50) in width, Polar filaments of spore were composed with six to seven coils within capsules. Extended polar filaments were 55 to $135{\mu}m$ (Mean=78.7, n=50)in length. The shape and measurements of the present Mysobolus sp. spores were very similar with the spore of M. cyprinicola Reuss, 1906.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 1994

Spore morphology of 14 species of Ophioglossaceae is examined, and descriptions and key based on spore morphology are provided. In addition, spores of one species of Angiopteris and three species of Osmunda are examined for comparision with those of Ophioglossaceae. Spore shape at proximal face is sub triangular or triquete in Botrychium and circular in Ophiog~ lossum, Angiopteris and Osmunda. Based on the wall sculpturing patterns, three groups can be recognized within Botrychium, and the differences of wall sculpturing among these groups are smaller as compared to those among Botrychium, Ophioglossum, Osmunda and Angiopteris. This result supports the previous infrafamilial system of Clausen, which was mainly based on the characteristics of vernation, habit, fertile and sterile segments of the leaf, and gametophyte. Spores of nine species of Ophioglossum, which are circular in proximal face and fossulate or foveolate in wall sculpturing, are quite uniform as compared to those of Botrychium. Therefore they should be kept under a single genus rather than split into four genera suggested by Nishida (1952).(1952).

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.91-105
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• 2004

Ten taxa of the genus Spirogyra (Zygnemataceae, Chlorophyta) in Korea were examined for morphology and taxonomic category with field as well as cultured materials: S. africana (Fritsch) Czurda, S. decimina (Muller) Kutzing, S. distenta Transeau, S. dubia Kutzing, S. ellipsospora Transeau, S. ellipsospora var. crassoidea Transeau, S. gracilis (Hassall) Kutzing, S. submajuscula Kutzing, S. peipingensis Jao and S. variformis Transeau. Features of vegetative cell and female gametangium, shape of septum, chloroplast number, sexuality, size and shape of zygospore, and ornamentation of spore wall were major characteristics used for determination of the species. All of them were described for the first time in Korea.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.265-267
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• 2004

The silkworm, Bombyx mori L. is prone to infection of various pathogenic organisms. Pebrine, one of the deadliest disease of silkworm caused by highly virulent parasitic microsporidian, Nosema bombycis has been understood since long. Infections of the disease range from chronic to highly virulent and can result in complete lose to the sericulture industry. Several strains and species of microsporidians have since been isolated from the infected silkworms. A new microsporidian spore was isolated from Lamerin breed of the silkworm B. mori have been studied under scanning electron microscope, found to be different in spore size (length 4.36$\pm$0.06 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, width 2.14$\pm$0.01${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) and shape (ova cylindrical with slight depression) from standard strain N. bombycis (length 3.08$\pm$0.21 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, width 2.01$\pm$0.05 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and ovidal respectively). In immunological test, the silkworm breed Lamerin isolated micrisporidian spore does not react to different antibody (N. bombycis, M$_{11}$ and M$_{12}$) sensitized latex particle and thus appeared to be a different strain of microsporidian parasitic to the Lamerin breed of the silkworm B. mori.i.i.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 1987

In this study, an acidoduric Streptomyces strain was isolated and identified from acidic forest soil around Dankook University, Cheonan Campus. This isolated strain had rod-shaped, smooth, non-motile spore and the shape of spore chain was compact spiral. This structure appeared similar to the sporangium of the genus Streptosporangium but this strain proved to be a Streptomyces strain by an electron microscopic study and cell wall analysis. This strain showed a best growth on neutral medium, was also able to grow on the acidic media of pH 4.0 and pH 5.0. The color determination of this strain on various agar media and other physiological tests were carried out by ISP-methods. From these results, the isolated strain was considered to be Streptomyces mirabilis.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2005

While observing silkworm larval samples received from field, microsporidian spores formed within the haemocytes of silkworm haemolymph were observed. The spores of microsporidian sp. were purified and characterized for morphological characters viz., size, shape as well as serological affinity with different Nosema spp. (M$_{11}$ and M$_{12}$). The infectivity of the isolated spores to silkworm was also studied. The microsporidian sp. was found to be highly pathogenic to silkworm, B. mori. The isolated microsporidian sp. was designated as NIK-5hm, which formed ovocylindrical spore in the haemocytes of silkworm and differed in spore size (length, 4.55 $\mu$m & width, 2.10 $\mu$m) and shape from Nosema bombycis (NIK-ls), NIK-2r (Nosema sp. Mysore [3.6 & 2.8 $\mu$m]), NIK-3h (Nosema sp. M$_{11}$ [3.8 & 1.8 $\mu$m]), NIK-4m (Nosema sp. M$_{12}$ [5.0 & 2.1 $\mu$m]) and Lb$_{ms}$ (Nosema sp. in Lamerine breed of silkworm [4.36 & 2.14]). In immonological test (Latex agglutination test), the isolated microsporidian spores did not react with antibody sensitized latex particles of N. bombycis, M$_{11}$, M$_{12}$ and Lb$_{ms}$ and thus are different type of microsporidian sp., parasitic to silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.611-618
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• 2015

Spirogyra is a zygnematalean green algal genus that is ubiquitous in a broad range of freshwater habitats throughout the world. Samples collected throughout Korea from October 2004 to July 2015 were examined using light microscopy. Morphological characteristics (e.g., size of vegetative cells, number of chloroplasts in each cell, type of end walls of adjacent cells, details of conjugation, shape of female gametangia, dimensions and shape of zygospores, color and ornamentation of median spore walls) were used as diagnostic characteristics for species identification. In this study, five species of Spirogyra (i.e., S. emilianensis Bonhomme, S. jaoensis Randhawa, S. pascheriana Czurda, S. weberi var. farlowii (Transeau) Petlovany, and S. weberi var. grevilleana (Hassall) Kirchner) were described as newly recorded in Korea.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 1994

An actinomycete strain, HSL-613 was isolated -from soil and identified by International Streptomyces Project (ISP) and chemotaxonomic methods. The spore chain of the strain HSL-613 appears in a spiral shape, and its spores are spherical shape with smooth surface. The cell wall contains LL-diaminopimelic acid (DAP). Menaquinone MK-9 (H$_{6}$, H$_{8}$) and iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids were detected from whole cell extract. Sugars identified from whole cell extract include galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose, which are distinct from general sugar patterns of Streptomyces. Average G+C content in the chromosome is 59%. 5S rRNA of HSL-613 consists of 120 nucleotides as determined by comparing with that of a type strain Streptomyces griseus subsp. KCTC 9080. Through morphological, physiological, and chemical characterization, HSL-613 was identified and named as Streptomyces sp. HSL-613.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 1997

We collected 3,237 plant samples, mainly leaves of various trees, from many provinces in Korea and a total of 1,925 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were obtained and characterized. The isolates were characterized in terms of crystal morphology, PAGE pattern of the toxin proteins, plasmids pattern, biochemical characteristics, and bioassay. The microscopic observation showed that 49.1% of the isolates have bipyramidal shape crystals, 7.1% of spherical shape crystals, 1.4% of rhomboidal shape crystals, and others have small or amorphous inclusions. The insecticidal activities of the spore-crystal mixtures of isolates were tested against Plutella xylostella, Bombyx mori, Culex pipiens, and Agelastica coerulea. Bioassay showed that 51.3% of the isolates were shown to be active; lepidopteran-specific (44.8%), dipteran-specific(4.9%) and coleopteran-specific (1.6%). The remainder(48.8%) did not show any activity against the insects we tested. Interestingly though, some of these non-active isolates were shown to have bipyramidal crystals. By serotyping 22 isolates of our collection, we found that there are various kind of subspecies such as aizawai, amagiens, canadensis, darmstadiensis, galleriae, finitimus, kurstaki, morrisoni and neoleonensis, and three isolates have been classified into a new serotype, H49, and one of them, the type strain, named subsp. muju. From this study it was found that phylloplane is a good source for the isolation of Bacillius thuringiensis, and Bacillus thuringiensis is distributed widely in Korea.