• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.11 no.1 s.17
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• pp.55-60
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• 1975

An animal which is placed in a new environment displays a complex behavioral pattern consisting of locomotion, grooming and rearing. This behavioral pattern is influenced by endogenous and exogenous stimuli, such as hormonal secretion, level of neurohumoral transmitters, drugs and light. It is widely known that the most tranquilizers depressed spontaneous motor activity although their mechanisms of action were different, while antidepressants stimulated except imipramine which showed various action. Until the present time, the hole-board apparatus, which gives rather subjective data, has been used extensively to study the effects of drugs on general activity and exploratory behavior in mice. Recently a new apparatus for mobility measurements, called a 'Selective Activity Meter' has been introduced. This instrument supposedly produces more objective data on activity and behavior. The purpose of the present experiment was to study the influence of psychotropics on motor activity using the Selective Activity Meter. In the experiment, various psychotropic agents such as major tranquilizers(chlorpromazine, haloperidol); minor tranquilizers(meprobamate, diazepam); and antidepressants(amphetamine, imipramine) were used. In each experiment, the drug was administered to five mice and their activity was recorded. Each experiment was run five or more times and the results are based on the mean of each trial. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The group of mice treated with chlorpromazine showed markedly inhibited motor activity in comparison with controls and the inhibitory action of chlorpromazine was shown to be more intense than any of the other drugs used in the test. Haloperidol administration yielded similar results until 60 minutes, but mice showed less inhibition of motor activity than with chlorpromazine after 90 minutes. 2. In the group treated with diazepam, there was strong inhibition of motor activity until 30 minutes, but after 60 minutes the mice showed less inhibition than with chlorpromazine. In the meprobamate group, motor activity was inhibited in a manner similar to that of other tranquilizers, but the inhibition was less than that of diazepam. 3. In the group treated with imipramine, the inhibition developed gradually after ten minutes. 4. The effects of amphetamine did not appear until 30 minutes after administration, but then there was a significant increase in the motor activity.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1985

Isolated sinus node cells of the rabbit were used to assess the effects of extracellular Na, K, Ca and Mg concentrations on cardiac pacemaker activity. With intracellular glass micro-electrodes spontaneous action potentials of SA node were recorded and the effects of various ions and their blockers were analyzed in terms of the cycle length, the amplitude and the duration of action potentials, the results obtained were as follows. 1. Sodium reduction [up to 30%] decreased the amplitude of action potential and lengthened the cycle length. TTX, specific blocker of Na channel slightly lengthened the cycle length. 2. Increasing potassium ion concentration, the duration of action potential decreased and the frequency increased in 6mM, however, spontaneous action potential was stopped in 24 mM. Barium ion known to be decreasing K conductance increased the duration of action potential but no significant change in the cycle length was noticed. 3. Calcium ion has shortening effect on the duration and the cycle length of action potential but not with dose-dependent manner. Cadmium ion .[0.02mM] lengthened cycle length and the duration of action potential. 4. Increasing the concentration of magnesium ion the cycle length was lengthened, significantly.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2001

Objective: To evaluate the abnormality of protein S in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion due to antiphospholipid syndrome. Material and Method: Antigen and activity of protein S were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay and clotting method, respectively. Results: Of 18 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome, 4 patients were found to have no abnormality of protein S. There were 14 cases of protein S abnormality. Among them, there were 8 cases of type 1, 1 case of type 2, and 5 cases of type 3 protein S deficiency. Conclusion: So in the workup of patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion due to antiphospholipid syndrome, the evaluation for protein S is required.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.333-338
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• 2000

We have examined whether bile acids can affect the electrical and mechanical activities of circular smooth muscle of canine colon and ileum, using isometric tension measurement or patch clamp technique. It was found that a dilution of canine bile $(0.03{\sim}2%\;by\;volume)$ enhanced or inhibited the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. An individual component of bile, deoxycholic acid (DCA) enhanced the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous contractile activity at $10^{-6}\;M,$ while DCA at $10^{-4}\;M$ inhibited the contraction. Similarly, the response to cholic acid was excitatory at $10^{-5}\;M$ and inhibitory at $3{\times}10^{-4}\;M.$ Taurocholic acid at $10^{-4}\;M$ enhanced the amplitude of muscle contraction. Electrically, canine bile at 1% reversibly depolarized the colonic myocytes under current clamp mode. Bile acids also elicited non-selective cation currents under voltage clamp studies, where $K^+$ currents were blocked and the $Cl^-$ gradient was adjusted so that $E_{Cl}^-$ was equal to -70 mV, a holding potential. The non-selective cation current might explain the depolarization caused by bile acids in intact muscles. Furthermore, the bile acid regulation of electrical and mechanical activities of intestinal smooth muscle may explain some of the pathophysiological conditions accompanying defects in bile reabsorption.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2005

The effect of alcohol and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem of Pluchea lanceolata on the spontaneous movements of both the whole worm and the nerve muscle preparation of Setaria cervi, and on the survival of microfilariae in vitro was studied. Alcohol and aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem of P. lanceolata caused the inhibition of spontaneous movements of the whole worm and the nerve muscle preparation of S. cervi, characterized by short lasting small increase in tone and amplitude of contractions followed by paralysis. The concentrations required to inhibit the movements of whole worm and nerve muscle preparations for alcohol extract were 200 and $25\;{\mu}g/ml$, and for aqueous extract were 250 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, suggesting a cuticular permeability barrier. Both the extracts (alcohol and aqueous) caused death of microfilariae in vitro, $LC_{50}$ and $LC_{90}$ being 12 and 18 ng/ml for alcohol extract and 25 and 40 ng/ml for aqueous extract, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.106-110
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• 2002

The rupture of the Achilles tendon is rather uncommon, but its incidence has been increasing. Main causes are usually due to direct injury or sudden indirect high energy trauma such as sports activity without predisposing disease. Spontaneous rupture of the Achilles tendon are sporadically reported especially from person who took steroid or with similiar predisposing disease. We experienced a patient with bilateral ruptures of the Achilles tendon that had occurred almost spontaneously, without any steroid related medication or underlying diseases.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.240-245
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• 2005

The effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of seeds of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) was studied on the spontaneous movements of the whole worm (w.w) preparation and nerve muscle (n.m) complex of Setaria cervi (S. cervi). Both the extracts caused inhibition of spontaneous movements of the w.w and n.m complex characterized by initial stimulation followed by irreversible paralysis, with the exception that aqueous extract produced a partially reversible paralysis of w.w preparation. Lesser concentration of both the extracts was required to inhibit the movements of n.m complex than the w.w. Suggesting a cuticular permeability barrier. The lethal concentration $50\;(LC_{50})$ and lethal concentration $90\;(LC_{90})$ were 30 and 55 ng/ml for aqueous and 45 and 60 ng/ml for alcoholic extracts respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.409-420
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• 1989

Extracellular recordings were made from the spinal neurons in the lumbar enlargement of 16 cats before and during electrical stimulation of the radial nerve ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Only neurons activated by remote nerve stimulation (RNS) were included in sample. All the cell classes of spinal neurons which received afferents message from the skin and/or muscles were activated by RNS except LT cells. Approximately three quaters of cells activated by RNS had an inhibitory receptive field (RF) on the ipsilateral hindlimb and two thirds of RNS-activated neurons showed spontaneous activity. The most of these RNS-activated cells seemed to be in deep dorsal horn and in ventral horn as well. Stimulation of contralateral radial nerve produced activation of spinal neurons almost same degree as by ipsilateral nerve stimulation. The optimal stimulation parameters of radial nerve for activation of spinal cells were 5Hz-0.5 msec-2V while threshold stimulus for activation was approximately 0.18 V. Following close intra-arterial injection of $K^+$ ion excitability of RNS-activated neuron was increased in 4 of 8 cells whereas it was decreased in 2 of 8 cells. The results indicate that there are some spinal neurons in the lumbar enlargement of cats that can be activated by forelimb afferent $(A{\beta}\;&\;A{\delta})$ inputs.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.587-599
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• 2002

Extracellular single unit recordings were made from the ventral posteromedial thalamic (VPM) nociceptive neurons to determine mechanoreceptive field (RF) and response properties. A total of 44 VPM thalamic nociceptive neurons were isolated from rats anesthetized with urethane-chloralose. Based on responses to various mechanical stimuli including touch, pressure and pinch applied to the RF, 32 of 44 neurons were classified as nociceptive specific (NS) neuron. The other 12 neurons, classified as wide dynamic range (WDR), showed a graded response to increasingly intense stimuli, with a maximum discharge to noxious pinch. The VPM nociceptive neurons showed various spontaneous activity ranged from 0-6 Hz. They were located throughout the VPM, and had an contralateral RF including mainly intraoral (and perioral) regions. The RF size was relatively small, and very few neurons had a receptive field involving 3 trigeminal divisions. The NS neurons activated only by pressure and pinch stimuli had high mechanical thresholds compared to WDR neurons activated also by touch stimuli. The VPM nociceptive neurons were tested with suprathershold graded mechanical stimuli. Most of 21 NS and 8 WDR neurons showed a progressive increase in number of spikes as mechanical stimulus intensity was increased. In some neurons, the responses reached a peak before the highest intensity was given. Application of 5 mM $CoCl_2{\;}(10{\;}{\mu}\ell)$ solution to the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis did not produce any significant changes in the spontaneous activity, RF size, mechanical threshold, and response to suprathreshold mechanical stimuli of 9 VPM nociceptive neurons tested. 17 of 33 VPM nociceptive neurons responded to noxious heat as well as noxious mechanical stimuli applied to their RF. Application of the mustard oil, a small-fiber excitant and inflammatory irritant, to the right maxillary first molar tooth pulp induced an immediate but short-lasting neuronal discharges upto approximately 4 min in 16 of 42 VPM nociceptive neurons. These results suggest that VPM thalamic nucleus may contribute to the sensory discriminative aspect of orofacial nociception.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.415-422
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• 2011

Previously, we reported that besides retinal ganglion cell (RGC) spike, there is ~10 Hz oscillatory rhythmic activity in local field potential (LFP) in retinal degeneration model, rd1 mice. The more recently identified rd10 mice have a later onset and slower rate of photoreceptor degeneration than the rd1 mice, providing more therapeutic potential. In this study, before adapting rd10 mice as a new animal model for our electrical stimulation study, we investigated electrical characteristics of rd10 mice. From the raw waveform of recording using $8{\times}8$ microelectrode array (MEA) from in vitro-whole mount retina, RGC spikes and LFP were isolated by using different filter setting. Fourier transform was performed for detection of frequency of bursting RGC spikes and oscillatory field potential (OFP). In rd1 mice, ~10 Hz rhythmic burst of spontaneous RGC spikes is always phase-locked with the OFP and this phase-locking property is preserved regardless of postnatal ages. However, in rd10 mice, there is a strong phase-locking tendency between the spectral peak of bursting RGC spikes (~5 Hz) and the first peak of OFP (~5 Hz) across different age groups. But this phase-locking property is not robust as in rd1 retina, but maintains for a few seconds. Since rd1 and rd10 retina show phase-locking property at different frequency (~10 Hz vs. ~5 Hz), we expect different response patterns to electrical stimulus between rd1 and rd10 retina. Therefore, to extract optimal stimulation parameters in rd10 retina, first we might define selection criteria for responding rd10 ganglion cells to electrical stimulus.