• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.41-56
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to find out the basic data for irrigation plans of garlic and cucumber during the growing period, such as total amount of evapotranspiration, coefficients of evapotranspiration at each growth stage, the peak stage of evapotranspiration and the maximum evapotranspiraton, optimum irrigation point, total readily available moisture, and intervals of irrigation date. The plots of experiment were arranged with split plot design which were composed of two factors, irrigation point for main plot and soil texture for split plot, and three levels ; irrigation points with pP 1.7-2.1, pP 2.2-2.5, pP 2.6-2.8, for garlic and those with pP 1.9, pF 2.3, pP 2.7, for cucumber, soil textures of silty clay, sandy loam and sandy soil for both garlic and cucumber, with two replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows 1.There was the highest significant correlation between the avapotranspiration of garlic and cucumber and the pan evaporation, beyond all other meteorological factors considered, as mentioned in the previous paper. Therefore, the pan evaporation is enough to be used as a meteorological index measuring the quantity of evapotranspiration. 2.1/10 probability values of maximum total pan evaporation during growing period for garlic and cucumber were shown as 495.8mm and 406.8mm, respectively, and those of maximum ten day pan evaporation for garlic and cucumber, 63.8mm and 69.7mm, respectively. 3.The time that annual maximum of ten day pan evaporation can be occurred, exists at any stage between the middle of May and the late of June(harvest period) for garlic, and at any stage of growing period for cucumber. 4.The magnitude of evapotranspiration and of its coefficient for garlic and cucumber was occurred in the order of pF 1.7-2.1>pF 2.2-2.5>pF 2.6-2.8 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF2.7 respectively in aspect of irrigation point and of sandy loam>silty clay>sandy soil in aspect of soil texture for both garlic and cucumber. 5.The magnitude of leaf area index was shown in the order of pF 2.2-2.5>pF 1.7-2.1>pF 2.6-2.8 for garlic and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 for cucumber in aspect of irrigation point, and of sandy loam>sandy soil>silty clay in aspect of soil texture for both garlic and cucumber. 6.1/10 probability value of evapotranspiration and its coefficient during the growing period for garlic were shown as 391.7mm and 0.79 respectively, while those of cucumber, 423.lmm and 1.04 respectively. 7.The time the maximum evapotranspiration of garlic can be occurred is at the date of thirtieth before harvest period and the time for cucumber is presumed to be at the date of sixtieth to seventieth after transplanting, At that time, 1/10 probability value of ten day evapotranspiration and its coefficient for garlic is presumed to be 65.lmm and 1.02 respectively, while those of cucumber, 94.8mm and 1.36 respectively. 8.In aspect of irrigation point, the weight of raw garlic and cucumber were increased in the order of pF 2.2-2.5>pF 1.7-2.1>pF 2.6-2.8 and of pF 1.9>pF 2.3>pF 2.7 respectively. Therefore, optimum irrigation point for garlic and cucumber is presumed to be pF 2.2-2.5 and pF 1.9 respectively, when the significance of yield between the different irrigation treatments is considered. 9.Except the mulching period of garlic that soil moisture extraction patterns were about the same, those of garlic and cucumber have shown that maximum extraction rate exists at 7cm deep layer at the beginning stage after removing mulching for garlic and at the beginning stage of growth for cucumber and that extraction rates of 21cm to 35cm deep layer are increased as getting closer to the late stage of growth. 10.Total readily available moisture of garlic in silty clay, sandy loam, sandy soil become to be 18.71-24.96mm, 19.08-25.43mm, 10.35- 13.80mm respctively on the basis of the optimum irrigation point with pF 2.2-2.5, while that of cucumber, 11.8lmm, 12.03mm, 6.39mm respectively on the basis of the optimum irrigation point with pF 1.9. 11.The intervals of irrigation date of garlic and cucumber at the growth stage of maximum consumptive use become to be about three and a half days and one and a half days respectively, on the basis of each optimum irrgation point.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2008

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of DM (dry matter) content and split application of liquid swine manure (LSM) on productivity of rye and subsequent soil quality on the pasture of Livestock Policy Division, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. The experiment was done between November, 2005 and June 2006, using split plot design. Treatments were 2 main plots (7.0 and 1.6% DM LSM) and 2 subplots (basal fertilizer 100% and basal fertilizer 50%+top dressing 50%). Application of 7.0% DM LSM resulted in significant increase in DM yield and plant length of rye compared with 1.6% DM LSM (p<0.05). Crude protein content of rye was significantly higher in split application(basal fertilizer 50%+ top dressing 50%) than in basal fertilizer 100% (p<0.05). No significant difference in macro and micro mineral contents of rye or in subsequent soil quality was found by application of LSM. Mean P content (0.16%) of rye appeared to be lower than proper P level $(0.2{\sim}0.4%)$ of grass crop. The pH (5.5), OM (13.3%), available $P_2O_5$ (47.6 mg/kg) and Ca (2.75cmole/kg) content of the pasture soil studied were lower, compared with those of cultivated soil. Results show that the application of a 7.5% DM liquid swine manure increases the productivity of rye compared with a 1.6% DM liquid swine manure, meanwhile the property of pasture soil was not influenced by application of LSM.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.218-224
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• 2001

To find out the optimum level of slow release N fertilizers (MS 10, MS S10, LCU 80, and LCU 100), total amount of nitrogen required throughout the growing season were applied in the seedling box or incorporated into paddy soil. Four levels of the slow release N fertilizers (0, 6, 9 and 12 kg N/10 a) were mixed with commercial rice nursery bed soil. N release rate and electrical conductivity(EC) of the slow release fertilizers were greater in the order of MS 10 > LCU 80 ${\fallingdotseq}$ LCU 100 > MS S10 and higher as temperature increased. No seedlings were emerged in all MS 10 plots. The seedling emergence rate of LCU 80 and LCU 100 decreased as the N level increased and seedlings were wilted severely on the 13th day after sowing at 9 and 12 kg N/10 a. In MS S10 plots the emergence rate was higher than 80% at all N levels and seedling growth was normal until 30 days after sowing. Yield of rice was similar between seedling box application and soil incorporation in paddy of MS S10. Yield of rice among the 6, 9, 12 kg N/10 a of MS S10 and conventional 12 kg N/10 a of urea split application was similar, but it was significantly higher compared with no N plot. Fertilizer N recovery of MS S10 decreased as fertilizer level increased and it was significantly higher compared with conventional urea split application.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.113-126
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• 1998

Wear simulator로 답압이 가해진 크리핑 벤트그라스 (Agrostis palustris Huds.) 훼어웨이에서 관수방법·예지물 순환 및 질소시비수준의 여러 가지 잔디관리 요인이 엽조직 및 토양질소 함유량에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구포장은 'Penncross'크리핑 벤트그라스 반디밭으로 1988년에 sharpsburg silty-clay loam (Typic Argiudoll) 토양에 조성하였으며, 실험은 1989년부터 1991년까지 3년간 수행하였다. Split-split-plot 실험디자인을 사용하여 주구에 daily or biweekly irrigation, 세구에 clipping return or removal, 세세구에 low-N (5g), moderate-N (15g), high-N (25g N m-2 yr-1)처리를 난괴법 3 반복으로 배치하였다. 생육기간중 잔디예초는 12mm 예고로 일주일에 4번 실시하였고, 기타 잔디관리는 high maintenance 수준으로 유지되는 한지형 양잔디 훼어웨이 기준으로 실시하였다. 엽조직 및 토양샘플은 1989년 2회, 1990년과 1991년에는 3회씩 채취하여, 네브라스카 주립대 토양식물분석실에서 분석하였다. 답압이 가해진 크리핑 벤트그라스 훼어웨이 잔디에서 엽조직 질소함유량은 여러 가지 잔디관리 방법간 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었다. 1989년 나타난 질소시비수준과 관수방법간의 상호작용에서 daily irrigation 지역의 엽질소 함유량은 질소시비량이 low-N 수준에서 high-N 수준으로 증가함에 따라 3.51%에서 3.94%로 quadratic pattern으로 증가하였다. High-N 처리지역에서 엽질소 함유량은 daily irrigation 관수방법이 biweekly irrigation 관수방법보다 약 4% 정도 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 엽질소 함유량은 특히 질소시비 수준에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 1990년 질소시비량이 low-N 수준에서 high-N 수준으로 증가함에 따라 3.50%에서 4.25%로 quadratic pattern으로 증가하였고, 1991년에는 4.20%에서 4.60%까지 linear pattern으로 증가하였다. High-N 처리구의 엽조직 질소함유량은 low-N 처리구와 비교시 1990년에는 21%, 1991년에는 10% 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 잔디조성후 시간이 경과함에 따라 엽조직의 질소함유량도 증가하였다. Low-N 수준에서 1991년 엽질소 함유량은 1990년에 비해 20% 증가하였으며, high-N 수준에서는 1991년의 엽조직 질소함유량이 1990년 보다 8% 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 잔디조성후 경과기간에 따라 연간 시비량을 조절할 필요가 있으며, 특히 새로 조성된 잔디밭과 조성된 지 어느 정도 지난 기존 잔디밭간에 차별화된 관리프로그램이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 잔디관리에서 답압이 가중되는 정도에 따라 지역별로 장기간 차별화된 관리 접근을 해야하고, 정기적으로 토양 및 엽분석을 실시해서 시비프로그램에 활용하는 것이 필요하다 하겠다. 본 연구결과 나타난 잔디관리 요인간 상호작용효과는 잔디관리시 여러 가지 관리방법에 따른 효과를 입체적으로 분석해서 해당 골프장 현실에 적합한 통합적인 잔디관리(integrated turfgrass management)의 필요성을 제시한다고 할 수 있겠으며, 또한 답압가중 정도에 따른 잔디관리요인간의 반응효과차이는 향후 무답압 지역에서 실시된 연구결과를 답압을 받고 있는 경기장 및 골프장 등의 잔디밭에 적용할 경우에는 주의깊게 데이터 활용을 해야 되리라고 사료되었다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.178-184
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter yield of (DMY) of Italian ryegrass (IRG) forage crop based on two seeding date (September 25 and October 2) in 2017 and 2018, and evaluation of the potential reason of DMY reduction in IRG cultivars grown at Chuncheon, South Korea. Three cultivars of IRG including Kowinearly, Kowinmaster and Hwasan 104 were used in this experiment. The experimental field was designed as a split-split-plot arrangement. The cultivars were harvested on April 26 before the heading stage of both years. In this study, no significant effect (p>0.05) of seeding date has been found on the DMY, whereas the cultivars and year showed a significant effect on the DMY (p<0.05). Except September 25 of 2017, Hwasan 104 indicated significantly lower (p<0.05) DMY than Kowinearly and Kowinmaster in all seeding periods. Though no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed for the DMY between the two seeding dates in 2018, but the DMY was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of 2017. Lower crude protein (CP) content of Kowinearly was observed on the seeding date of October 2 of 2017, and also in both seeding dates on 2018 (p<0.05). No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in acid detergent fiber (ADF) between the cultivars on both seeding dates and years. Similarly, no significant difference (p>0.05) was found in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) between the cultivars in 2017. However, Kowinearly showed higher NDF content as compared to Kowinmaster and Hwasan 104 on both seeding dates and years. The seeding date has no significant difference (p>0.05). Thus, considering the extent of DMY in both years, the mean minimum temperature during winter season could be the limiting factor for the DMY of IRG cultivars. However, based on this study, the seeding dates of September 25 and October 2 have no potential effect on the DMY. Thus, on the basis of the current DMY and forge quality parameters, the cultivation Kowinmaster is recommended in Chuncheon.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.207-214
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• 2006

The object of this experiment was to suggest the optimum utilization upon rye and hairy vetch crops in Daejeon area. The field trials were conducted from 2002 to 2004 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and quality of rye, hairy vetch, and rye+hairy vetch mixtures. The experiment was designed with split plots (main plot : seeding rate as rye mono culture, hairy vetch monoculture, rye 80%+hairy vetch 20%, rye 60%+hairy vetch 40%, and sub plot : 4 cutting stages as boot, heading, anthesis, milk). The average DM yield for 2 years had a difference on seeding rate and harvesting stages. The DM yield of rye monoculture was higher than those of the other seeding rates. There were significant increases in advanced stages in all treatments. In chemical composition, they also had a difference on seeding rates and growth stages. Hairy vetch monoculture was higher in crude protein (CP) and dry matter digestibility (DMD), but lower in fibrous compound than those of the other seeding rates (p<0.01). The crude protein dry matter (CPDM) and digestible dry matter yield was higher in rye 80%+hairy vetch 20% mixture when it was harvested at anthesis to milk stages. The results of this experiment indicated that when it was harvested at anthesis to the milk stages, rye 80%+hairy vetch 20% mixture was more effective in enhancing the DM yield and forage quality in Daejeon area.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.288-292
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• 2011

This study was undertaken to evaluate the yield and petiole burst occurrence rate of ever-bearing strawberry by controlling crown numbers per plant and the first flower cluster for summer production at highland. The cultivar 'Flamenco' was planted on April 20 and split-plots were designed by managing the number of crown per plant in the main plot and the removed and non-removed first flower cluster in the sub-plot. Uptaken mineral amount of the plants showing petiole burst were higher than normal plants. Plants with one crown per plant showed 62-65% petiole burst rate in contrast to plants with three crowns per plant which showed 57-58% petiole burst. Date of initiation of the second flower cluster with less crown and removed first flower cluster was delayed. The flower clusters number of the plants managed with one crown per plant was 5.6, compared with 9.2 flower clusters of plants with three crowns per plant. The first harvesting with removed first flower cluster was delayed around 42-44 days. Aa a result, the yield performance of plants with two or three crowns per plant was 11,183-11,733 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and the amount 65-75% higher than that of plants with one crown and removed first cluster.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.238-242
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• 2003

Reclaimed tidal areas for rice cultivation are irrigated with salt mixed water when there is severe drought. Therefore, we identified the critical concentration of saline water for rice growth on a reclaimed saline soil in Korea. The experiment was conducted at the Kyehwado substation of the National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station (NHAES) during 2001-2002. Two experimental fields with 0.1-0.2% for low soil salinity and 0.3-0.4% for medium soil salinity levels were used. The experiment involved four levels of salt solution mixed with sea water (at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7%) compared with a control using tap water in a split-plot design with three replicates. Saline solution was applied only two times at seedling stage (10 DAT and 25 DAT) for 5 days. Gyehwabyeo and dongjinbyeo, japonica rice varieties, were used in this experiment. Plant height and number of tillers sharply decreased in the 0.5% saline water in low soil salinity level and 0.1% in medium soil salinity level. For yield components, panicle number per unit area and percentage of ripened grain dramatically decreased in the 0.5% saline water in low soil salinity and 0.1% in medium soil salinity level. But 1,000-grain weight of brown rice decreased sharply in the 0.5% saline water in low soil salinity and 0.3% in medium soil salinity, indicating that this component was not much affected unlike other yield components. Milled rice yield decreased significantly with saline water level in both low and medium soil salinity. In the 0.7% low saline soil, the yield index was only 36% compared with the control. In medium soil salinity, even the control plot showed only 62% yield index compared with the control in the low soil salinity treatment. Results indicated that the critical concentration of saline water for rice growth in terms of economical income of rice production was 0.5% in low soil salinity and tap water in medium soil salinity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Adequate forage amounts in ruminant animal are necessary for proper ruminal function in dairy cow. This study was carried out to determine the effect of total mixed fermentation feeds made by different green forage crops and grain processings on chemical compositions, RFV (relative feed value) and ruminal characteristics in sheep. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with 4 replications. The main plot consisted of 6 kinds of green forages (corn, grass, rye, rape, alfalfa and oat) and the sub plots three different grain processings such as non-milling, half milling (7mm mesh over), and regular milling (7mm mesh below). And the different TMFFs (total mixed fermentation feeds) were analyzed for chemical composition and fed to 8 ruminally fistulated sheep for ruminal charactics and palatability. RFV, daily feed intake, acetate/propionate ratio of the rape-TMFFs were higher compared with the other treatment. Ruminal content of VFA (volatile fatty acid) of corn-TMFF was highest as 90.19 mmol% and pH of the feed was lowest as 3.82. But, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid were no difference among treatments. In conclusion, the effect of grain proceeding was not appeared but if consider of only RFV, palatability and dry matter disappearance, grade of TMFF was improved in order of rape-, corn-, alfalfa-, grass-, oat- and rye-TMFF.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.206-206
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• 2017

Sorghum is a crop with a various plant height depending on the planting density. If the height exceeds 1.8m, which is the harvestable height of the combine, loss is caused by clogging of the installation, entrance of the threshing section and the threshing section. The purpose of this study is to set the planting distance and number of plants per hill suitable for combine harvesting as the plant length does not exceed 1.8m. The experimental variety was Nampungchal. The experiment design was a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments were as follow: Main-plot were 1 and 2 plants as number of plants per hill and sub-plots were $60{\times}20cm$ (practice), $70{\times}15$, 20, 25, 30 cm as planting distance. The amount of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilization were 100, 70, $80kg\;ha^{-1}$. Data were collected: (1) grain yield: weight of grain in $kg\;ha^{-1}$, (2) 1000 grain weight: average weight of 1000 grain, (3) plant height: distance from soil to top of panicle, (4) ear length: distance from top of stem to top of ear in cm, (5) stem diameter: diameter of second internode, (6) tiller number per hill. Analyses of variance were performed using R version 3.3.1(https://www. r- project. org). The Duncan's multiple range test(DMR) was used to separate treatment means at P < 0.05. As number of plants per hill increased, plant height and yield increased and tiller number decreased. As planting distance increased, plant height and yield decreased and tiller number increased. At 1 plant per hill, the plant height did not exceed 1.8m at all planting distance. At 2 plants per hill, the plant height did not exceed 1.8m from the planting distance of $70{\times}25cm$. At 1 plant per hill, the tiller number increased to 0.23, 0.27, 0.60 and 0.70 as the planting distance increased to $70{\times}15$, 20, 25 and 30 cm, respectively. At 2 plants per hill, the tiller number increased to 0.03, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.40 as the planting distance increased to $70{\times}15$, 20, 25 and 30 cm, respectively. At 1 plant per hill, the yield decreased to 6030, 4280, 3400 and $3230kg\;ha^{-1}$ as the planting distance increased. At 2 plant per hill, the yield decreased to 7850, 5770, 5720 and $4960kg\;ha^{-1}$ as the planting distance increased. We recommend that the optimum number of plants per hill and planting distance is 2 and $70{\times}25cm$ suitable for combine harvesting.