• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.26 no.1 s.54
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the soft and hard tissue changes after simultaneous maxillary advancement and mandibular setback surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients(13 males and 12 females) who had severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy. These patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment and surgical treatment which consisted of simultaneous Le Fort I or Le Fort II osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms were evaluated. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS/$PC^+$ program. The results were as follows. 1. The correlation of maxillary hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were high and the ratios for soft tissue to A point were $71\%$ at Sn, $67\%$ at SLS and $37\%$ at LS. 2. The correlation of mandibular hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were very high and the ratios were $84\%$ at LI, $107\%$ at ILS, $96\%$ at Pog' and $97\%$ at Gn'. 3. The correlation of mandibular hard tissue horizontal changes and soft tissue vertical changes were moderate. 4. The upper to lower lip length were increased(P<0.001). 5. The soft tissue thickness were decreased in upper lip and increased in lower lip(P<0.001). The postsurgical changes were reversely correlated with initial thickness in upper lip.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.447-453
• /
• 1986

Germination and seedling elongation of soybeans [cult. ‘Williams’] were measured at two temperatures (15 and 3$0^{\circ}C$), three seed water contents (30, 50, and 70%), and with and without polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG) treatments. A split-plot design was used with four replications. Observations were made from two hours to eight days for each treatment combination. Seeds were soaked with 30% PEG solution with 0.2% thiram at 15 C for six days, rinsed with deionized water and dried at 25.5$^{\circ}C$ for three days. Ten treated or untreated seeds were placed on Whatman No. I (9 cm) filter paper in plastic petridishes to which sufficient deionized water was added to adjust seed moisture content to the desired level. The dishes were then sealed with parafilm and placed in a continuous programmed temperature chamber under dark condition. Seedling growth did not occur at either temperature when moisture content was 50 percent or less. Osmo-conditioning with PEG showed positive effects on seedling moisture uptake and seedling growth at 15$^{\circ}C$ but little effect at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Seedling moisture content increased rapidly early in the germination period and reached 60% at 15 C for 56 hours and at 3$0^{\circ}C$ for 28 hours. Seedling growth started when seed moisture reached a critical point of 60% at 15$^{\circ}C$, however, growth started after 20 hours of germination at 3$0^{\circ}C$. Seedlings of soybeans elongated more than four times faster at 3$0^{\circ}C$ than at 15$^{\circ}C$. Water uptake during germination was characterized by two phases in this experiment.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.42
• /
• pp.241-262
• /
• 2016

British TV Channel 4 is one of the famous TV Channel in the world. Its station ID has also played a leading role in the developments of Motion Graphics including station IDs. This station ID's main visual design concept is its name and an iconic logo '4' at the same time. The first channel 4 station ID was designed by using modular typography to construct the iconic '4'. Modular typography is a technique of creating letters with similar elements. Channel 4's station ID was constructed from coloured polygons. The polygons split and converge at the same point in 3D space. Modularity in Channel 4's station ID is evidenced by the similar units of polygons. After the first station ID, Channel 4 was re-branded. Eventhough the station IDs which followed did not use coloured and geometrical polygons, modularity is seen in most of the station IDs especially between 2004 - 2011. In these station IDs, the iconic '4' is formed from similar natural and environmental objects like rocks, buildings, lights etc. In this analysis paper, there is a visual narrative on the history of Channel 4, the concept of modular typography in the original station ID and the application of modular typography in other Channel 4's station IDs.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.203-212
• /
• 2020

Background: This research evaluated the numbness produced by lignocaine at an equal or higher concentration than that of 4% articaine through a single point of injection for maxillary third molar surgery. This randomized double-blind study was conducted to compare the anesthetic efficiency of 4% lignocaine with that of 4% articaine in impacted maxillary third molar surgery using a single buccal infiltration alone. Methods: The study participants were 30 healthy patients requiring the bilateral surgical removal of symmetrically-positioned maxillary third molars. Using a split-mouth design, each patient randomly received buccal infiltration of 1.7 ml of 4% lignocaine and 1.7 ml of 4% articaine during two separate appointments. After 15 minutes of anesthetic injection, surgery was performed by the same surgeon using a consistent technique on both sides. Pinprick test pain scores of the buccal and palatal gingiva of the maxillary third molar after 10 minutes and 15 minutes latencies, pain scores during the surgery, the need for supplemental anesthesia, and patients' satisfaction with anesthetic efficiency were recorded. Surgery performed without supplemental anesthesia was categorized as successful. Results: The success rates of 4% lignocaine and 4% articaine (83.34% vs. 86.67%, P = 1.00) were not significantly different. Only 5 cases (4 cases in the articaine group and 1 case in the lignocaine group) reported mild pain and pressure sensation (NRS ≤ 1) on probing at the palatal side after 15 minutes of latency (P = 0.25). The pain scores of maxillary third molar surgery in the two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Moreover, the statistical analysis confirmed the comparable patient satisfaction of two study groups (P = 0.284). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that single buccal infiltrations of 4% lignocaine and 4% articaine have comparable anesthetic efficacy and success rates for impacted maxillary third molar surgery. Both 4% lignocaine and 4% articaine can produce effective palatal anesthesia and pain control using buccal infiltration alone after 15 minutes of latency.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.251-258
• /
• 2010

'Naturalness' is the important "ness" which is a key factor in image quality assessment. 'Naturalness' is a representive factor depending on the context of the image which arouses different emotions. The Image Quality Circle was split into two steps. The first step is predicting the visual perceptual attribute which are lightness, colourfulness, hue and contrast. The next step is SSE which is dependent to image contents. In this study the image contents are grouped in genres. The images were rendered using four different colour attributes which are lightness, contrast, colourfulness and hue. Using a scale, the score of image quality and SSE was asked to each participant for all rendered images. A seven-point category scale of increasing amount of "ness" is used as a quantitative adjectives sequence. The image quality model was built by combining the SSEs for each scene. The SSEs, where vividness is common, are considered as independent variables to predict the image quality score. Then the vividness model was built using colour attributes as variables to predict the vividness of each scene (genre). Vividness is an important factor of naturalness which the meaning is different for all scenes that links the naturalness and image quality. The vividness meaning was different for each scene (genre). Therefore, the colour attributes that express the vividness would depend on the image content.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.25 no.11
• /
• pp.1128-1134
• /
• 2014

In this paper, the effects of a metamaterial slab with negative permeability in a magnetically coupled wireless power transfer system (WPT) in the overall performance are analyzed quantitatively in terms of the effective quality factors of the loop resonators and coupling coefficient considering the slab losses, based on an equivalent circuit. Using the ideal metamaterial slab(lossless slab), the WPT efficiency is improved considerably by the magnetic flux focusing. However, the practical lossy slab made of RRs or SRRs limits the significant enhancement of WPT efficiency due to the relatively high losses in the slab consisting of RRs or SRRs near the resonant frequency. For the practical loop resonator, other than a point magnetic charge, using the practical lossy metamaterial slab in order to improve the transfer efficiency, the width of the slab needs to be optimized somewhat less than the half of the distance between two loop resonators. For the low-loss slab with its loss tangent of 0.001, the WPT efficiency is maximized at 93 % when the ratio of the slab width and the distance between the two resonators is approximately 0.35, compared with 53 % for the case without the slab. The efficiency in case of employing the high-low slab(loss tangent: 0.2) is maximized at 61 % when the slab ratio is 0.25.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.1861-1864
• /
• 2016

Although early diagnosis of thyroid nodule type is very important, the diagnostic accuracy of standard tests is a challenging issue. We here aimed to find an optimal combination of factors to improve diagnostic accuracy for distinguishing malignant from benign thyroid nodules before surgery. In a prospective study from 2008 to 2012, 345 patients referred for thyroidectomy were enrolled. The sample size was split into a training set and testing set as a ratio of 7:3. The former was used for estimation and variable selection and obtaining a linear combination of factors. We utilized smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) logistic regression to achieve the sparse optimal combination of factors. To evaluate the performance of the estimated model in the testing set, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was utilized. The mean age of the examined patients (66 male and 279 female) was $40.9{\pm}13.4years$ (range 15- 90 years). Some 54.8% of the patients (24.3% male and 75.7% female) had benign and 45.2% (14% male and 86% female) malignant thyroid nodules. In addition to maximum diameters of nodules and lobes, their volumes were considered as related factors for malignancy prediction (a total of 16 factors). However, the SCAD method estimated the coefficients of 8 factors to be zero and eliminated them from the model. Hence a sparse model which combined the effects of 8 factors to distinguish malignant from benign thyroid nodules was generated. An optimal cut off point of the ROC curve for our estimated model was obtained (p=0.44) and the area under the curve (AUC) was equal to 77% (95% CI: 68%-85%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values for this model were 70%, 72%, 71% and 76%, respectively. An increase of 10 percent and a greater accuracy rate in early diagnosis of thyroid nodule type by statistical methods (SCAD and ANN methods) compared with the results of FNA testing revealed that the statistical modeling methods are helpful in disease diagnosis. In addition, the factor ranking offered by these methods is valuable in the clinical context.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.236-245
• /
• 1993

Single crystals, SbSI : V, SbSeI : V, BiSI : V, BiSeI : V, SbSI : Cr, SbSeI : Cr, BiSI : Cr, BiSeI : Cr, SbSI : Ni, SbSeI : Ni, BiSI : Ni, and BiSeI : Ni were grown by the vertical Bridgman method. It is found that the grown single crystals have an orthorhombic structure and the indirect optical transitions. The temperature dependence of energy gap shows the two reflection point related with the phase transitions and is well fitted with Varshni equation in the continuous region. The optical absorption peaks due to the doped impurities (V, Cr and Ni) are respectively attributed to the electron transitions between the split energy levels of $V^{+2}$, $Cr^{+2}$ and $Ni^{+2}$ ions sited at $T_d$ symmetry of the host lattice.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.347-355
• /
• 1997

In this study, the applicability of genetic algorithms into the parameter estimation of storage function method for flood routing model is investigated. Genetic algorithm is mathematically established theory based on the process of Darwinian natural selection and survival of fittest. It can be represented as a kind of search algorithms for optima point in solution space and make a reach on optimal solutions through performance improvement of assumed model by applying the natural selection of life as mechanical learning province. Flood events recorded in the Daechung dam are selected and used for the parameter estimation and verification of the proposed parameter estimation method by the split sample method. The results are analyzed that the performance of the model are improved including peak discharge and time to peak and shown that the parameter Rsa, and f1 are most sensitive to storage function model. Based on the analysis for estimated parameters and the comparison with the results from experimental equations, the applicability of genetic algorithm is verified and the improvements of those equations will be used for the augmentation of flood control efficiency.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.404-412
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate postsurgical facial hard tissue stability after orthognathic surgery with/without posterior impaction in skeletal class III malocclusion patients, and to evaluate the horizontal relapse tendency, according to changes in anteroposterior discrepancy and occlusal planes. Methods: Ninety patients, who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Pusan National University Dental Hospital, were enrolled in this study. Three main groups were classified as follows: Thirty patients underwent mandibular setback bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) only (BSSRO group, BG); another thirty patients underwent mandibular setback BSSRO and Le Fort I osteotomy with posterior impaction (posterior impaction group, PG); and another thirty patients underwent mandibular setback BSSRO and Le Fort I osteotomy without posterior impaction (non-posterior impaction group, NPG). Preoperative (T0), immediate postoperative (T1) and six-month follow-up period (T2) lateral cephalograms were taken, and various parameters were measured. The analyses were done by linear and angular measurements between T0-T1 and T1-T2, to evaluate postsurgical facial hard tissue stability. Results: Mean horizontal relapse rates were distributed from 11.81% to 19.08%, and there were significant postsurgical changes (0.52 mm~2.44 mm) at the B point in all 3 groups. But, there were no statistical differences on relapse rate among BG, PG and NPG patients. Conclusion: In this study, the postsurgical stabilities of BSSRO and Le Fort I osteotomy with/without posterior impaction in skeletal class III malocclusion patients were acceptable. There were no significant statistical differences in mandibular stability according to changes in anteroposterior discrepancy and occlusal planes.