• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.185-197
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• 1993

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) includes vasopressor neurons, which transmit activation signals to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the spinal cord, where the preganglionic sympathetic nucleus is located, to raise arterial blood pressure (BP). However, controversy exists as to the possible depressor area in the RVLM and the pathway involved. The present study persued evidence far the location of depressor neurons and the pathway by simultaneously observing changes in BP and the firing rate (FR) of cardiovascular neurons (CVNs) in the RVLM during the somatosympathetic reflex (SSR) elicited by peripheral nerve stimulation, since CVNs are known to contribute to the generation of the sympathetic nerve discharge. In 42 cats, anaesthetized with $\alpha-chloralose$, single unit recording was performed, using carbon filament electrodes inserted into the RVLM, enabling estimation of the post R wave unit histogram (PR-UNlT) and the spike triggered average of sympathetic nerve discharge (STA-SND), allowing identification of CVNs. Antidromic stimulation of spinal $T_2$ segment was followed to determine whether the identified CVN projects axonal endings to the spinal cord (reticulospinal neuron). The sciatic nerve was electrically stimulated at $A\delta-intensity$ (1 mA, 0.1 ms), 1 Hz and C-intensity (10 mA, 0.5 ms), 20 Hz to elicit the depressor, and pressor responses of the SSR, respectively. Simultaneous measurement of CVN firing rate was made. Experimental results are summarized as follows. 1) 20 out of 98 CVNs had axonal projections to the spinal cord and 17 out of 98 CVNs showed FR changes during SSR. 2) Response patterns of FR and BP during SSR were classified into 8 types. 3) These 8 different response patterns could be further classified into those from pressor and depressor neurons. These results demonstrate that some CVNs were identifiable as reticulospinal neurons responding to anti-dromic stimulation and that CVNs operating as depressor neurons as well as pressor neurons exist in the RVLM, both of which are involved with SSR mediation. Therefore, evidence was found that an independent depressor pathway might be involved in the mediation of SSR.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2008

Background: Purpose of this study is mat exercises and sling exercises that based on proceeding studies for exercising protocol for spinal stabilization. Methods: We analyze many other bibliographies and result of studies. Results: The vertebrae stabilization practices are formed on intra-abdominal pressure and converted into isolation of our body and limbs gradually through co-contraction training of transverse abdominis, pelvic floor muscle and diaphragm. Also, for prevention of low back pain and relapse, it is diverted to reflex muscle contraction training as well as functional integration. What is better, it should carry out with Activity of Daily Living. Conclusion: We should feel the necessity of it, more effective recognition training of local muscle for chronic low back pain patients. Besides, it is suggested that we should import measurable equipment and go hands with discipline.

• International Neurourology Journal
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2018

Purpose: Naftopidil ((${\pm}$)-1-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazinyl]-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol) is prescribed in several Asian countries for lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Previous animal experiments showed that intrathecal injection of naftopidil abolished rhythmic bladder contraction in vivo. Naftopidil facilitated spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons in spinal cord slices. These results suggest that naftopidil may suppress the micturition reflex at the spinal cord level. However, the effect of naftopidil on evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in SG neurons remains to be elucidated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats at 6 to 8 weeks old were used. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made using SG neurons in spinal cord slices isolated from adult rats. Evoked EPSCs were analyzed in $A{\delta}$ or C fibers. Naftopidil or prazosin, an ${\alpha}1$-adrenoceptor blocker, was perfused at $100{\mu}M$ or $10{\mu}M$, respectively. Results: Bath-applied $100{\mu}M$ naftopidil significantly decreased the peak amplitudes of $A{\delta}$ and C fiber-evoked EPSCs to $72.0%{\pm}7.1%$ (n=15) and $70.0%{\pm}5.5%$ (n=20), respectively, in a reversible and reproducible manner. Bath application of $100{\mu}M$ prazosin did not inhibit $A{\delta}$ or C fiber-evoked EPSCs. Conclusions: The present study suggests that a high concentration of naftopidil reduces the amplitude of evoked EPSCs via a mechanism that apparently does not involve ${\alpha}1$-adrenoceptors. Inhibition of evoked EPSCs may also contribute to suppression of the micturition reflex, together with nociceptive stimulation.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.235-239
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• 2022

A 10-year-old neutered male Siberian Husky presented with paraparesis and severe lethargy. On physical examination, the patient was unable to weight-bear and walk and exhibited significant muscle mass loss in both hindlimbs and generalized truncal alopecia with a dull coat of hair. On neurological examination, cranial lumbar vertebral pain, hind limb cross-extensor reflex, delayed hindlimb postural reaction, upper motor neuron bladder dysfunction, and total absence of cutaneous trunci reflex were identified. Computed tomography revealed diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and spondylosis deformans of the cervical and thoracolumbar vertebrae. In addition, a generalized decrease in bone mineral density of the vertebrae was identified. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperplasia of the epidural fat compressing the spinal cord in the thoracolumbar region and concurrent mild multiple intervertebral disc herniations. No specific findings were observed in cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Blood analysis of thyroid function revealed decreased total T4 and free T4 levels, and increased TSH levels. The patient was tentatively diagnosed with spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) secondary to hypothyroidism. The patient was treated with levothyroxine, firocoxib, and gabapentin. Clinical signs gradually improved, and the patient showed normal ambulation 40 days after treatment initiation. SEL is extremely rare in dogs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of SEL secondary to hypothyroidism that was treated conservatively. Secondary SEL can be sufficiently managed by treating the underlying cause, if possible.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.791-799
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• 2013

본 연구는 키네시오 테이핑을 적용하는 방식에 따라 나타나는 척수운동신경원의 흥분성과 뇌파의 변화를 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 건강한 성인 16명을 대상으로 비복근의 테이핑 적용 방식에 따라 실험군 I(n=8); 근육 주행방향, 실험군 II(n=8); 근육 횡 방향으로 구분하여 2주간 실시하였다. 척수운동신경원 흥분성 측정을 위해 경골신경에 자극을 주어 H 반사를 획득하였으며, 뇌파는 ${\beta}$-SMR를 측정하기 위해 C3, Cz, C4에 활성전극을 붙여 테이핑 적용 전, 즉시, 1주일 후, 2주일 후에 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 실험군I의 척수 운동신경원의 변화는 실험군 II보다 ${\alpha}$-운동신경원의 활성도가 감소하였고 지속 시간도 길었다(p<.05). 뇌파는 실험군I의 ${\beta}$-SMR 활성도가 실험군 II 보다 증가하고 지속시간도 길었다(p<.05). 근육 주행방향에 따른 적용 방식은 횡 방향 보다 ${\beta}$-SMR 뇌파를 더 활성화 시키며, 척수운동신경원의 활성도 감소를 지속적으로 유발함을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1993

Capsaicin의 중추신경계에 대한 진통효과를 척수 수준에서 규명하고, 이에 대한 norepinephrine (NE)계의 역할을 규명하기 위하여 tail flick reflex (TFR) latency time의 증가와 척수 내 NE 양의 변화를 측정하였다. 웅성의 Sprague-Dawley 백서를 pentobarbital sodium으로 마취를 하여 femoral vein cannulation과 intrathecal catheterization을 하였고, 이를 통하여 시험약제를 투여하였다. TFR은 capsaicin 또는 용매 투여전, 투여후 10분, 30분, 60분, 때로는 2시간에 측정하였다. MK-801은 capsaicin 투여전 20분에 femoral vein을 통하여 주입하였다. $35{\sim}150{\mu}g$의 capsaicin을 intrathecal로 주었을 때, TFR latency가 최고치인 7초를 넘어 정상인 2.9초에 비해 100% 이상의 증가를 보였고, 척수 내 NE은 16 ng/mg protein에서 7 ng/mg protein으로 50% 이상 감소하였다. 이와 같은 TFR latency의 증가와 NE의 감소는 전 실험기간 (capsaicin 투여후 2시간)에 걸쳐 관찰되었다. 반면, 50mg/kg의 capsaicin을 피하로 전신투여 하였을 경우에 척수 NE은 같은 변화를 보였으나 TFR latency의 차이는 없었다. 또한, 0.5 mg/kg의 MK-801를 i.v.로 전처치 하였을 때, intrathecal capsaicin에 의한 TFR latency의 증가와 척수 내 NE의 감소가 모두 억제되었다. 이상의 결과는 capsain이 excitatory aminoacid (EAA)계 - NE계 - 척수 dorsal horn으로 이루어진 동통전달의 하행성 억제계 축의 활성을 항진시켜 진통효과를 가져옴을 보여준다. 또한, capsaicin의 피하 주사시에 진통효과를 볼 수 없음을 말초 동통전달신경의 흥분에 의한 중추 동통전달계 환성의 촉진이 진통 효과를 상쇄함을 암시한다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

Spinal dysraphism often causes neurological impairment from direct involvement of lesions or from cord tethering. The conus medullaris and lumbosacral roots are most vulnerable. Surgical intervention such as untethering surgery is indicated to minimize or prevent further neurological deficits. Because untethering surgery itself imposes risk of neural injury, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is indicated to help surgeons to be guided during surgery and to improve functional outcome. Monitoring of electromyography (EMG), motor evoked potential, and bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) is essential modalities in IONM for untethering. Sensory evoked potential can be also employed to further interpretation. In specific, free-running EMG and triggered EMG is of most utility to identify lumbosacral roots within the field of surgery and filum terminale or non-functioning cord can be also confirmed by absence of responses at higher intensity of stimulation. The sacral nervous system should be vigilantly monitored as pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome affects the sacral function most and earliest. BCR monitoring can be readily applicable for sacral monitoring and has been shown to be useful for prediction of postoperative sacral dysfunction. Further research is guaranteed because current IONM methodology in spinal dysraphism is still deficient of quantitative and objective evaluation and fails to directly measure the sacral autonomic nervous system.

• 대한추나의학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.99-109
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• 2003

Dr. Lawrence H Jones developed innovative approach for the treatment of neuromuscular and musculo-skeletal disorders such as fibromyalgia, myofacial pain syndrome, any other muscle pain. This technique is called Strain/Counterstrain technique which uses effect of neuromuscular reflex for treatment of strain. First, Relieving spinal or other joint pain by passively putting the joint into its position of greatest comfort; secondly relieving pain by reduction and arrest of the continuing inappropriate proprioceptor activity. This was accomplished by markedly shortening the muscle that contains the malfunctioning muscle spindle by applying. mild strain to its antagonists. In other words, the inappropriate strain reflex is inhibited by application of counterstrain. Many other techniques have been developed for treating of muscle pain due to somatic dysfunction, but we want to introduce you to strain/counterstrain technique because this is basic concept and theory of Chum therapy for controling motor system.

• 재활간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.22-28
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• 1999

The development of standards and guidelines of rehabilitation nursing has been the major concerns for providing better nursing to the rehabilitation clients. As the patients with stroke and spinal cord injuries are the most prevalent physical disabilities in Korea, this study focussed on the nursing diagnoses of these two groups of patients. In order to identify the nursing diagnoses frequently used In their practice for the patients with stroke and spinal cord injuries, a survey was done with the questionnaire form developed by the research team. The surveyee were the staff nurses working at rehabilitation wards more than 2 years from 8 general hospitals in Korea, They identified and set the priorities of 13 nursing diagnoses from 79 stroke patients and 10 nursing diagnoses from 35 patients with spinal cord injuries during the periods from March 1 to June 2, 1999. The identified nursing diagnoses for the stroke patients are impaired physical immobility, sensory-perceptual alteration, activity intolerance, self-care deficit, altered defecation, altered urination, risk for injury, unilateral neglect, impaired skin integrity, altered thought processes, pain, altered health maintenance, dysreflexia. The identified nursing diagnoses for spinal cord injuries are altered urination, altered defecation, impaired skin integrity, pain, risk for injury, reflex incontinence, impaired physical immobility, self-care deficit, activity intolerance, knowledge deficit.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2015

Significant evidence supports the role of the vestibular system in the regulation of blood pressure during postural movements. In the present study, the role of the vestibulo-spino-adrenal (VSA) axis in the modulation of blood pressure via the vestibulosympathetic reflex was clarified by immunohistochemical and enzyme immunoassay methods in conscious rats with sinoaortic denervation. Expression of c-Fos protein in the intermediolateral cell column of the middle thoracic spinal regions and blood epinephrine levels were investigated, following microinjection of glutamate receptor agonists or antagonists into the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and/or sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced hypotension. Both microinjection of glutamate receptor agonists (NMDA and AMPA) into the MVN or rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus (RVLM) and SNP-induced hypotension led to increased number of c-Fos positive neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of the middle thoracic spinal regions and increased blood epinephrine levels. Pretreatment with microinjection of glutamate receptor antagonists (MK-801 and CNQX) into the MVN or RVLM prevented the increased number of c-Fos positive neurons resulting from SNP-induced hypotension, and reversed the increased blood epinephrine levels. These results indicate that the VSA axis may be a key component of the pathway used by the vestibulosympathetic reflex to maintain blood pressure during postural movements.