• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the different cutting dates on the changes of feed quality among five cereals (barley, wheat, rye, triticale and oat) for whole crop silage. Field trials were conducted at paddy field in Yesan, Chungnam Province and the aerial parts were clipped 10 days from 15 March to 15 June. Changes of acid detergent fiber (ADF) content in relation to different cutting dates was described by a quadratic curve for 5 winter cereals crops. ADF content reached a maximum at 5 days after heading in barley cultivar 'Youngyang', 7 days in wheat 'Keumkang', 18 days in rye 'Gogu', 1 days in triticale 'Shinyoung' and 10 days in oat 'Samhan'. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content were linearly increased as growing after overwintering and stagnated or slightly decreased after heading. The crude protein were linearly decreased throughout the growth period of 5 whole crop cereals. Digestible dry matter (DDM) content were decreased from early stages to heading and subsequently increased as grain filling. Relative feed value (RFV) for 5 crops were decreased as growing and subsequently increased as grain filling after heading. Barley cultivar for only forage use 'Youngyang' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of other cereals for forage use. So, barley for whole crop silage was a good crop with high feed quality and high proportion of spikes compared with other winter cereal crops. Wheat cultivar for grain 'Keumkang' were higher at crude protein than those of other four cereals from overwintering to maturing and were higher at DDM and RFV after heading than those of rye, triticale and oat. Rye cultivar with cold tolerant and high fresh yielding 'Gogu' were highest at ADF and NDF content and lowest at DDM content and RFV. So, rye was a crop with low quality for forage use compared to other winter cereal crops. Triticale cultivar with flourishing and high yielding 'Shinyoung' was intermediated between barley and rye, and were linearly increased at DDM yield by different cutting dates. Oat cultivar with cold tolerant and high tillering 'Samhan' were lower at ADF and NDF content and higher at crude protein before heading, but after heading, there are not especially advantages compared to barley, wheat or triticale.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.477-482
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• 2006

Viral diseases, especially Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mud mosaic virus (BaMMV), have been most serious in barley fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of different level of resistance to viral diseases on the plant growth and yield in barley. Various viral disease symptoms on leaves of overwintered plants were similar between medial-resistant and susceptible varieties of Saessalbori and Baegdong. In diagnosis of virus infection, BaYMV and BaMMV were detected in Saessalbori and Baegdong, but not in the resistant variety, Naehanssalbori. Plant height was restrained about $11{\sim}12cm$ prior to heading in Saessalbori and Baegdong comparing to Naehanssalbori. Even if both varieties were medial resistant to virus diseases, Saessalbori was different from Baegdong in heading date and culm length due to its recovery from viral damages prior to heading. Both medial-resistant and susceptible varieties were quite different from the resistant variety in yield components such as heading date, number of spikes and culm length when evaluated in the virus-infected or non-infected field. Baegdong delayed 7 days in heading date and reduced by more than 50% in culm length and spike numbers as compared to Naehanssalbori. On the other hand, Saessalbori showed similar heading date, but was shorter by 20% in culm length than Naehanssalbori. Three varieties tested in the non-infected field over two years were not significantly different for yield potential with ranges of $340{\sim}405kg/10a$. However, significant yield reduction (P<0.01) was observed in Saessalbori and Baegdong with ranges of $108{\sim}288kg/10a$ as compared to Naehanssalbori (391 kg/10a) when tested in the virus-infected field. Yield potentials of Saessalbori and Baegdong reduced by 35 and 63%, respectively in the virus-infected field as compared to those in the non-infected field. Our results showed that damages from virus diseases were significant on the early plant growth to yield and its components in barley.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.252-261
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• 2003

Although the young spike of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is known as the most susceptible part to spring cold injury, the risk of cold injury is apt to be ignored in most breeding program due to the importance of early maturity. Based on these aspects, the types and inducing time, temperature conditions for induction and effects of cold injury on growth and yield in this study were investigated under greenhouse and field conditions through three years (1997-1999). In natural condition, low temperature around -2.4∼$-10.2^{\circ}C$ caused the death of plant. Several cold injury types such as partial degeneration of spike, partial discoloration of leaf, spike and awn, discoloration of culm and white spike were observed at low temperature around $-3.1^{\circ}C$. Low temperature around -2.4∼$-8.6^{\circ}C$ and 1.3-$7.6^{\circ}C$ caused degeneration and sterility of spike, respectively. Most materials were prepared to the spikelet foundation stage, spikelet differentiation stage, development stage of flower organ, booting stage and heading stage, which were known having risk for cold injury in field condition. Although most of the controlled stages were sensitive to the induced low temperature, booting stage was the most sensitive stage for cold injury. All of growth stages which were treated-heading stage, booting stage, development stage of flower organ, spikelet differentiation stage, spikelet foundation stage-were responded to low temperature treatment but the symptoms revealed were very specific according to the growth stages. Ears of plant in heading stage were discolored to white. Ears of plant in booting stage were degenerated in all or part of one. Plants in spikelet differentiation stage were sterile in all or part of one. When tried to detect the specific differences between normal and cold injured plants in appearance, spike length, distance between spike and flag leaf and the first internode length could be the critical points for occurrence of spike death caused by cold injury. In barley, the elongation of spike was stopped on 3.2cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 4.7cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 5.0cm after occurrence of white spike. In wheat, it was stopped on 1.6cm after occurrence of stem death, 3.3cm after occurrence of spike degeneration, 8.3cm after occurrence of partial degeneration of spike, 8.1cm after occurrence of white spike, 7.5cm after partial discoloration of leaf and 9.3cm after partial discoloration of spike. The obtained results from low temperature treatment induced in growth chamber were similar to the field experiment, Beacuse the death of spikes was more when low temperature was treated two times than one times, the temperature should be upgrade to -3$^{\circ}C$ in order to get the same condition with field test.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 1989

The effects of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates on forage and grain yields were evaluated in 1989 harvest year for dual production of forage and grain of naked and malting barleys in Cheju province. In the experiment I, 'Saessalbori' (naked barleY)1 and 'Doosan 22' (malting barley) were seeded on Sept. 21, Oct. 12 and Nov. 2, respectively. An unclipped(grain-only) treatment that was planted on Nov. 2 was included for check. In the experiment II, the two above cultivars were planted at seed rate of 14, 20 and 26 and kg/l0a. Fertilizer rates were 9-6-12, 17-13-8 and 22-16-11 (N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O) kg/l0a. Seeding dates were Oct. 13 and Nov. 7 for clipped treatments and grain -only treatment(seeding rate: 14kg/l0a, N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O=9-6-12 kg/l0a), respectively. All treatments in both experiments were harvested for grain yield. In Saessalbori, survival following forage removal was 100％ regardless of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates. In Doosan 22, survival percenage decreased with increasing seeding and fertilizer rates when plants was clipped in January to Febuary. Forage yield of two cultivars increased with early planting and delays in clipping termination and tended to increase as seeding and fertilizer rates were increased. Crude ash and fat were not affected by seeding and fertilizer rates, and clipping date. Crude protein increased with an increase in fertilizer rate and decreased with delays in clipping date. N free extract tended to increase with delaying clipping date and decreased with increasing fertilizer rate. Earlier planting resulted in earlier heading and maturity. Clipping slightly delayed heading of Saessalbori and greatly delayed that of Doosan 22. Maturity of Doosan 22 was delayed 3 to 5 days by increased fertilization. Clipping shortened culm length more severely in Doosan 22 than in Saessalbori. The later the clipping termination, the shorter the culm length. The number of spikes per m$^2$ and the number of kernels per spike were not affected by clipping in Saessalbori while those of Doosan 22 were decreased with delays in clipping termination. Delaying forage harvest resulted In a reduction in grain yield. However, final clipping on Feb. 27 reduced grain yield of Saessalbori by only 6-11 ％ compared to the grain-only treatment. In Doosan 22, forage harvest after Dec. 28 resulted in 6 to 66％ reduction of grain yield. The data indicate that grazing of naked and malting barleys until late Feb. and late Dec., respectively, might not reduce grain yields when planted on mid-Sept. to mid-Oct.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 2008

Purpose : We performed EEG and PET on children with epilepsy concomitantly in order to evaluate the effects of epileptiform and non-epileptiform discharge of EEG on glucose metabolism. Methods : Seventy three children with epilepsy who had PET and EEG simultaneously were included in our study. The subjects were classified in two ways: (1) based on the frequency of epileptiform discharge and (2) the severity of non-epileptiform discharge. We evaluated the clinical aspects of their seizures, the severity of focal slow waves during the interictal period with the frequency of spikes or sharp waves in order to compare with the PET results. Results : The subjects were divided by the frequency of epileptiform discharge, with 13 in the no/rare group, 7 in the occasional group, and 53 children in the frequent group. The concordant rates with PET in each group were 0%, 42.9%, and 67.9%, respectively, showing high correlations with the frequency of epileptiform discharge (P<0.05, r=0.491). The subjects as divided by the severity of non-epileptiform discharge were 15 in the no group, 25 in the infrequent group, 17 in the intermediate group, and 16 in the continuous group. The concurrence rates with PET for each group were 13.3%, 52.0%, 64.7%, and 68.8%, respectively, also showing a high correlation with the severity of non-epileptiform discharge (P<0.05, r= 0.365). Conclusion : Epileptiform discharge and non-epileptiform discharge in EEG showed a certain association with hypometabolism in PET. We recommend EEG to reduce false lateralization and to localize lesions in cases of high frequency and severity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.366-374
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• 1986

Taiwan land race, Taichung 2 rowed barley #1 was crossed with England cultivar, Deba abed in 1972, and two isogenic lines-lax and compact heads-were made in 1982. So as to three fertilizer and three seeding density levels were treated at Dan-Kook Agricultural College farm located in Cheonan in 1984-1985. Lax head type had longer spike length and rachis than compact type. The traits uninfluenced by different head types were heading time, number of grains per spike, yield and soluble nitrogen content. However, the traits related to malting quality such as 1,000 grain weight, assortment ratio, protein content of grain and malt, malt extract, malt total nitrogen content, Kolbach index and diastatic power were significantly affected by head types. The number of spikes per m2, yield, assortment ratio, crude protein content of grain and malt yield ratio, extract yield ratio, malt total nitrogen, souble nitrogen content, Kolbach index and diastatic power were affected by fertilizer and seeding density levels in both isogenic lines. The malting quality was best at 12-12-9 kg/l0a fertilizer level and the yield was greatest at 15-12-9 kg/l0a level. Narrow-spaced or drilling seeding had greater yield and better malting quality than conventional row seeding. The plant with lax head type had some advantages in malting quality, suggesting that this trait would be considered as an selection criterion fer good malting quality lines.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2019

A barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar 'Youjin' with hooded spike type having good silage quality was developed at National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2016. 'Youjin' showed both high yielding and cold resistance through the preliminary and advanced yield trials(PYT, AYT) from 2012 to 2013. We conducted regional yield trials(RYT) of 'Youjin' in six locations around Korea for three years from 2014 to 2016. It had erect plant type, growth habit of II, the green leaf and hooded awn type. In the paddy field its heading date was April 24 and the maturing date was May 25. Plant height was 99 cm and the number of spikes per ㎡ was 696. It has high rate of leaf blades, resistance to BaYMV(Barley Yellow Mosiac Virus) and good winter hardiness. The average dry matter of Youjin was about 17.2 MT ha^-1 in the field. And feed quality of 'Youjin' was 10.6% of crude protein content, 24.8% of ADF(Acid Detergent Fiber), 43.5 % of NDF(Neutral Detergent Fiber), 69.1% of TDN(Total Digestible Nutrients). And also 'Youjin' had grade I of silage quality.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.18-22
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of night illumination on the growth and yield of wheat and barley. Three varieties of barley and four cultivars of wheat were tested under the different night illuminance which was controlled in the range of 1.2∼20 Lux during whole growth season at night. As night illumination was stronger, the culm length of all varieties tended to be shorter. The shortening was greater in barley than wheat. Node number, awn length and culm diameter tended to decrease as the light intensity was stronger. Internode length above the 4th and 5th node was remarkably decreased by the stronger illuminance. The degree of decrease in spike length affected by the night illuminance was much larger in the late-maturing variety among wheat cultivars. As night illumination was stronger, days to heading was shortened in general. The range of decrease was 2 to 10 days under 10∼20 Lux condition similarly in both barley and wheat. Effect of night illumination on heading date and days from initial heading to full heading was not considerably different between the crops and among varieties except Kangbori. Night illumination decreased the grain yield by 12.5% in barley, and 11.0% in wheat at 2.1∼5.0 Lux condition, and 34.6% in barley, and 29.3 % in wheat at 10∼20 Lux condition compared to control. Yield reduction was significantly different among varieties, being greatest in Kangbori among barley varieties, and in Chokwang (late-maturring variety) and Changkwang (late-maturring variety) among wheat varieties. It was interpreted that the decrease of grain yield was resulted from the decrease in the number of spikes and the number of grains per spike under the stronger night illumination. The decrease of grain yield was more directly attributed to the decrease in the number of grains per spike.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-48
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• 2002

This study examines the relationships between atmospheric influences and grain yields including yield components as well as growth stages. Data used in this study were collected from the long-term field experiment at Suwon for the period between 1974 and 2000. Mean grain yield of barley cultivar, Olbori, for the recent 14 years(1987∼2000) with warm winters was higher by 0.42 ton per hectare than that for 27 years(1974∼2000) at Suwon as a result of the higher numbers of spikes per unit land area and grains per spike. However, the 1000-grain weight decreased by about 0.6 gram. Mean first day of regrowth for the recent 14 years was earlier by five days than that for 27 years. Also, beginning date of regrowth was positively correlated with that of heading and ripening. Mean period of ripening for the years of 1987 through 2000 was similar to that for 27 years, but mean period of overwintering was shorter by nine days than that for 27 years. On the other hand, mean periods of seedling and tillering were longer by three days than those for 27 years. Meteorological elements at various growth stages affecting grain yield of winter barley were air temperature (positive correlation) and sunshine hour (negative correlation) of overwintering stage, precipitation (negative correlation) of tillering stage, and potential evapotranpiration (positive correlation) of tillering stage. The 1000-grain weight was not significantly correlated with the meteorological elements. Culm length was negatively influenced by high temperature and dry weather situations during the ripening period, but spike length was positively influenced. Overall, it was found that grain yield of barley, cultivar Olbori, was iufluenced by meteorological elements of overwintering, tillering, and ripening stages.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2017

A new naked oat cultivar, 'Jungmo2005'(Avena nuda L.), was developed for food and forage use by National Institute of Crop Science, RDA in 2010. It was derived from a cross between $F_1$['Early80'/'Gwiri33'] and $F_1$['Early80'/'Gwiri23']. 'Early80', a covered oats, has early heading and high yielding, while 'Gwiri23' of covered type and 'Gwiri33' of naked type has early heading with large-size grain. 'Jungmo2005' has the characteristics of narrow and long leaves of pale green color, middle diameter culm of yellow color and medium grain of whitish yellow color. Cultivar 'Jungmo2005' had 2 days earlier heading date (May 9) than the check cultivar 'Seonyang' (May 11) in field condition. The 'Jungmo2005' showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar, and similar to the check cultivar in respect to lodging resistance. The 'Jungmo2005' had 105 cm of culm length, 21.5 cm of spike length, 658 spikes per $m^2$, 82 grains per spike, 23.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 622 g of test weight. The grain yield of 'Jungmo2005' was averaged $3.38MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 6% higher than that of the check. Average forage fresh and dry matter yield of 'Jungmo2005' harvested at milk-ripe stage were 44.8 and $12.6tone\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, compared with 47.5 and $12.5tone\;ha^{-1}$ of the check. The protein content of the 'Jungmo2005' was similar to the check (7.6% and 7.5%, respectively), while ADF (28.6%) and NDF (51.5%) were lower than the check (31.4% and 57.0%, respectively). TDN content and RFV were higher than those of the check (66.3%, 120.3 and 64.1, 105.2, respectively). 'Jungmo2005' is recommended for fall sowing cropping only in the south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-4^{\circ}C$ in January, and it should not be cultivated in mountain areas, where frost damages is likely to occur. The areas would do better only to sow in spring season.