• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.179-184
• /
• 2000

온실 장미 재배시 중요 해충인 꽃노랑총채벌레와 점박이응애를 대상으로 발생소장 조사와 방제체계개선을 위한 연구를 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 점박이응애는 자미 화색별 발생밀도의 차이가 없었으나 꽃노랑총채벌레는 황색계통인 'Star Light'에서는 적색, 핑크색 장미품종에 비하여 밀도가 높게 나타났다. 무인방제기 사용시 관행방제에 비하여 인건비와 사용약제는 각각 89%, 18.2%를 절감할 수 있었으며 해충방제 효과는 차이가 없었다. 점박이응애 방제시 전착제를 사용할 경우 응애약제 단용처리에 비하여 약제도포율은 25%, 해충방제기는 20.5% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제2권4호
• /
• pp.513-520
• /
• 1998

Though the wandering spiders do not produce webs for prey-catching, they have silk producing apparatus. Among the four kinds of silk glands in the wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera, the ampullate one is the most predominant gland in both sexes, and is composed of three functional parts; excretory duct, storage ampulla and convoluted tail regions. The duct is basically composed of three superposed types of layers which are inner cuticles, monolayered epithelial cells and peripheral connective cells. The electron lucent subcuticles which have the functions of water removal and orientation of silk fibers during polymerization are well developed at the anterior region near the spinneret. Whereas the endocuticles which contain two types of banding patterns at the cross section are developed at the rest of the duct region. The secretory silks are synthesized within the glandular epithelial cells of the tail as secretory granules, and then released to the inner cavity of the storage ampulla by the mechanism of apocrine secretion. Most of these secretory vesicles are originated from the rough endoplasmic reticula of the glandular epithelial cells, whereas no Golgi complexes are found in any of the cells which have been examined.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제43권2호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 2013

Although the geometrical difference in body position between web-building and wandering spiders could affect the organization of their central nervous system (CNS), however most of our informations about spider's CNS are dependent on those revealed from the wandering spiders. Therefore, this paper describes microstructural organizations of the CNS in the geometric orb-web spider Araneus ventricosus. Similarly to other wandering spiders, the CNS of A. ventricosus is also consisted of a dorsal supraesophageal ganglion and a ventral subesophageal mass. The supraesophageal ganglia are fused together and made up of a large sized nerve cell clusters, whereas the subesophageal ganglia are made up of the foremost part of the ventral nerve cord. It has been revealed that the only nerve arising from the supraesophageal mass was the optic nerve which connected with four pairs of eyes, whereas a pair of pedipalpal and four pairs of appendage nerves including abdominal nerve pairs were arisen from the subesophageal nerve mass. Fibrous masses are highly organized into longitudinal and transverse tracts, and are only consisted of processes of neurons and the terminal ramnifications of peripheral sensory neurons. In addition, central fibrous mass of both the brain and the subesophageal mass are totally devoid of nerve cell bodies.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1994

The book lung in the wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera was consisted of a series of flattened triangular-shaped air sacs, stacked with about 70 sheets, and was located in the ventrolateral region of opisthosoma. Each hemolymph spaces (average $8{\mu}m$ in thickness) surrounded by the air sacs (average $6{\mu}m$ in thickness). The air sacs was supported by cylindrical cuticular spikes of microfibril bundles. Epithelial cell processes surrounded the hemolymph spaces. The nuclei of the epithelial cells were concentrated near the atrium. In the middle portion of air sac, the epithelial cells formed pillars across the hemolymph spaces and spot desmosome and zonula adherens were seen between the plasma membranes. In the hemolymph space of this spider, granular hemocytes (average diameter $8{\mu}m$) were the most dominant type of hemocytes. In the medial sinus, the hemolymph flow between the air sacs of a paired book lungs and then flow out of the lung vein. The air comes in the atrium through the ventral lung slit and makes a tidal wave in and out of the air sacs.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2003

The principal fibers used in constructing the cocoon in the garden spider, Argiope aurantia, are large-diameter fibers developed from tubuliform glands and small-diameter fibers presumed to be spun by the aciniform silk glands. Scanning electron micrographs of the large-diameter fibers on both surfaces of the cocoon clearly reveal their fine structural differences. While the silk fibers on the inner surface have smooth and homogeneous appearances, each fiber on the outer surface represents a multicomponent internal structure. Examination of each fibers using transmission electron microscope also provides additional evidence that the multicomponent fibers contain numerous electron lucent fibrils embedded in an amorphous electron dense matrix. It has been also revealed that two types of secretory granules presumed to be the precursors of tubuliform fibers are closely related to the production of distinct coloration in luminal contents - brownish and yellowish components. Moreover, these electron-dense granules, possibly precursor of fibrillar component, and electron-lucent granules, possibly precursor of matrix component, are densely packed and remain close to each other without fusion. It is critical evidence that the individual tubuliform fiber is not only heterogeneous and multicomponent but also takes place in a variety at manners throughout the length of the gland.

• Entomological Research
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.429-438
• /
• 2018

Fine structural characteristics of the cardiac muscle and its sarcomere organization in the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The arrangement of cardiac muscle fibers was quite similar to that of skeletal muscle fibers, but they branched off at the ends and formed multiple connections with adjacent cells. Each cell contained multiple myofibrils and an extensive dyadic sarcotubular system consisting of sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules. Thin and thick myofilaments were highly organized in regular repetitive arrays and formed contractile sarcomeres. Each repeating band unit of the sarcomere had three apparent striations, but the H-zone and M-lines were not prominent. Myofilaments were arranged into distinct sarcomeres defined by adjacent Z-lines with relatively short lengths of $2.0{\mu}m$ to $3.3{\mu}m$. Cross sections of the A-band showed hexagon-like arrangement of thick filaments, but the orbit of thin filaments around each thick filament was different from that seen in other vertebrates. Although each thick filament was surrounded by 12 thin filaments, the filament ratio of thin and thick myofilaments varied from 3:1 to 5:1 because thin filaments were shared by adjacent thick filaments.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.257-262
• /
• 2003

생태적으로 교란되지 않은 과수생태계에서 포식성 응애류 종 구성과 그들의 잎응애류 밀도조절 작용을 이해하기 위하여 장기간 약제를 살포하지 않은 사과원에서 연간 그들의 밀도변화를 조사하였다. 약제를 장기간 살포하지 않은 본 조사 과원에서 발생되고 있는 잎응애류는 일반관행방제 과원과는 크게 달랐다. 점박이응애와 사과응애는 거의 발생이 없었으며 차응애가 연중발생하였다. 포식성 응애로 Amblyseius ehurai (긴꼬리 이리응애), A. kokufuensis (꽃병이리응애), Tyhlodromus vulgaris (대중이리응애), A. womersieyi (긴털이 리응애) 등 4종의 이리응애(Phytoseiid)와 마름응애류(Stigmaeidae)인 Agistemus terminalis 1종이 발견되었다. 그 중 T. vuigaris는 차응애밀도가 낮고 기온이 서늘한 생육초기부터 발생을 시작하여 생육중기 및 생육후기까지 발생하였다. 반면 A. womersleyi는 고온기, 차응애 밀도가 높은 때 한하여 발생되었고, A. eharai와 A. kokufuensis는 초기 발생 후 그 뒤로는 발생하지 않았다. A. terminalis생육중기부터 발생을 시작하여 생육후기까지 지속적으로 밀도를 유지하였다. 이와 같은 포식성 응애류 상은 차응애 밀도를 잎당 약 8마리 이내로 조절하였다. 잠정적 결론으로써 T. vulgaris는 잎응애 밀도가 낮고 서늘한 기온 상태에 정착할 수 있는 종이고 A. womersleyi는 잎응애 밀도가 높고 고온 상태에서 효과적인 포식자로 생각된다. 기타 우리나라 과수원에서 포식응애류 계획적 관리에 기초를 둔 잎응애류 생물적 방제 전략에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.287-296
• /
• 2008

A comprehensive quality survey for heavy metals, organophosphorous and organochlorine residual pesticides, and coplanar PCBs in samples such as water, sediments and soils as well as spiders has been implemented. The samples were undertaken at nine stream sites and their vicinity in August 2006, representing different surrounding environments. The levels of PCBs were expressed as concentrations and WHO-TEFs. Among 12 coplanar PCBs as target compounds in this study, 2,3', 4,4', 5-PentaCB (IUPAC # 118) was the congener with the highest concentration. The total concentrations and TEF values of coplanar PCBs in Siheung stream sediment (heavy industrial complex site located in Ansan city) were 3915.50 pg/g and 0.8366 pg-TEQ/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Such levels were around 40 times higher compared to sediment from Gapyung stream (green site located in the upper of Myunggi mountain). It is probably due to the direct input of PCBs trom PCBs treatment materials. Organophosphorous (EPN, dementon-s-methyl, diazinon, parathion, and phenthoate) and organochlorine (alpha-BHC, aldrin, 4,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDE, endosulfan alpha and etc.) pesticides were not detected above 5 ppb of detection limits. The concentrations of Cu and Cd in water and sediment samples from Siheung stream were 44.11 and $0.17ug/m\ell$ and $713.42{\mu}g/g$ and $3.73{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which contained $20\sim40$ times higher concentrations than those from Gapyung stream. In addition to the water and sediment samples, the levels of heavy metals in spider from designated sampling sites were also determined. Heavy metals in spider collected near Siheung stream was appeared to be equivalent and/or a little higher levels with respect to other spiders. Furthermore, the ratio of relative heavy metals (Cu, Cd, and Pb) in spider from each stream site showed a correlation as similar as that of heavy metals in soil samples.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2001

거미는 육식동물로 구강의 소화라는 독특한 방법을 통하여 곤충을 비롯한 작은 동물을 먹이자원으로 이용한다. 거미의 독샘에 함유되어 있는 단백질 분해 효소 환만 아니라 소화관에 존재하는 미생물도 거미의 소화에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 추정된다. 본 연구에서는 한국산 무당거미(Nephila clavata)의 소화관내 미생물 군집의 분포와 단백질 및 지질 분해능을 확인하고, 거미의 장내 미생물을 분리 .동정하고자 하였다. 한국산 무당거미의 소화관에 존재하는 총 개체수는 거미 18개체를 통합하여 처리하였을 때와 개체별로 처리하였을 때 모두 거미 한 마리당 $10^3-10^5$CFUs 로 매우 유사하였다. 계수된 미생물 중에서 90% 이상이 단백질 또는 지질 분해능을 나타내었다. 그리고 계수된 미생물 중에서 군종별로 1균주씩 순수 분리하였고, 분리된 미생물 중 63.3%가 각각 단백질 또는 지질 분해능을 나타내었고, 이중 50%의 균주는 단백질과 지질 분해능을 동시에 함유하는 것으로 나타났다. 형태적, 생리 .생화학적 방법을 통하여 동정한 결과, 11종류의 그람음성균(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, A. haemolyticus, Aicaligenes faecalis, Cedecea davisae, C. neteri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Stenotraphamonas maltophilia, Suttonella indologenes)과 11종류의 그람양성균(Bacillus cereus, B. coagulans, B. pasteurii, B. thuringiensis, Cellulomonas flavigena, Corynebacterium martruchotii, Enterococcus durans, E. faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus huminis, S. sciuri)으로 분류되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2008

배회성거미류의 일종으로 주로 물가에 서식하는 닷거미과 (Pisauridae)의 황닷거미(Dolomedes sulfureus)를 실험재료로 실크 분비장치의 미세구조를 주사전자현미경(FESEM)으로 관찰하고, 토사관의 미세구조적 특성을 분석하였다. 황닷거미는 먹이를 포획하기 위한 거미줄을 만들지 않지만, 유충을 보호하기 위한 그물을 만드는 종류로 병상선(ampullate glands), 이상선(pyriform glands), 포도상선(aciniform glands) 등, 세 종류의 견사선과 이와 연결된 실젖 표면의 독특한 토사관을 가지고 있었다. 두 쌍의 대 병상선은 앞실젖을 통해, 그리고 또 다른 두 쌍(수컷의 경우 1${\sim}$2쌍)의 소병상선은 가운데실젖을 통해 분비관이 연결되어 있었다. 이상선은 앞실젖 표면의 토사관을 통해(암컷: 62${\sim}$68쌍, 수컷: 45${\sim}$50쌍) 분비되었고, 포도상선은 가운데실젖(암컷: 33${\sim}$40쌍, 수컷:18${\sim}$25쌍)과 뒷실젖(암컷: 42${\sim}$50쌍, 수컷: 24${\sim}$28쌍)의 토사관을 통해 분비됨이 확인되었다. 이들 중, 병상선과 연결된 토사관이 암수 모두에서 가장 현저한 분비 특성을 가진 것으로 관찰되었다.