• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.300-311
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• 1998

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), one of the most notorious toxic environmental pollutants, induces various toxic effects in many organs including testes and is regarded as an endocrine disruptor. Korean ginseng, on the other hand, has been well known for its preventive effects on lox- ins, diabetes melltus and hyperlipidemia. We investigated, histopathologically, the effect of Korean Red ginseng water extract (KR-WE) on guinea pig testes damaged by TCDD. Ninety guinea pigs were divided into 6 groups: normal control (NC) group received vehicle and saline; TCDD,1191kg b.w., was administered intraperitoneally to the single dose TCDD-treated (77) group; 100 mghg b.w.16 and 200mg1kg b.w./d KR-WE were injected intraperitoneally to the preventive groups (PIOO and P2OO, respectively) for 28 days from 1 week before TCDD injection, and to the therapeutic groups (CIOO and C2OO, respectively) for 14 days since 1 week after TCDD administration. Increment of body weight was retarded to a larger extent by TCDD. Moreover, body weight of the 77 group decreased significantly 7 days after TCDD exposure, while that of preventive groups kept increasing. Decrease in body weight was not observed in KR-WE-treated groups. Weight decrease in testes caused by TCDD was remarkably protected by KR-WE. Testicles in 77 group displayed decreased tubular size and maturation arrest at the primary or secondary spermatocyte stage. On the other hand, maturation arrest in germ cells by TCDD was improved in KR-WE treated groups. Almost complete protection of the testes was observed in PIOO and P2OO groups. In addition, the therapeutic effect was noticed in C 100 and C2OO groups. These results provided strong evidence that Korean Red ginseng might be a useful agent for the prevention and treatment of testicular damage induced by environmental pollutants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2024

Objective: Testicular fat deposition has been reported to affect animal reproduction. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. The present study explored whether sperm meiosis and testosterone synthesis contribute to mouse testicular fat deposition-induced reproductive performance. Methods: High fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity CD1 mice (DIO) were used as a testicular fat deposition model. The serum hormone test was performed by agent kit. The quality of sperm was assessed using a Sperm Class Analyzer. Testicular tissue morphology was analyzed by histochemical methods. The expression of spermatocyte marker molecules was monitored by an immuno-fluorescence microscope during meiosis. Analysis of the synthesis of testosterone was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and reagent kit. Results: It was found that there was a significant increase in body weight among DIO mice, however, the food intake showed no difference compared to control mice fed a normal diet (CTR). The number of offspring in DIO mice decreased, but there was no significant difference from the CTR group. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone were lower in DIO mice and their luteinizing hormone levels were similar. The results showed a remarkable decrease in sperm density and motility among DIO mice. We also found that fat accumulation affected the meiosis process, mainly reflected in the cross-exchange of homologous chromosomes. In addition, overweight increased fat deposition in the testis and reduced the expression of testosterone synthesis-related enzymes, thereby affecting the synthesis and secretion of testosterone by testicular Leydig cells. Conclusion: Fat accumulation in the testes causes testicular cell dysfunction, which affects testosterone hormone synthesis and ultimately affects sperm formation.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.293-301
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• 2008

목 적: 비폐쇄성 무정자증 환자에서 고환의 조직병리학적 진단에 따라 고환조직내 정자채취술 (Testicular sperm extraction, TESE) 후 난자세포질내 정자주입술 (Intracytoplsmic sperm injection, ICSI)의 체외수정시술 결과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 비폐쇄성 무정자증으로 고환조직내 정자채취술 후 난자세포질내 정자주입술을 이용하여 배아 이식을 시행한 122주기를 분석하였다. 고환의 조직병리학적 진단에 따라 Germ-cell aplasia (GA, 40주기), Maturation arrest (MA, 32주기) and severe hypospermatogenesis (S-HS, 50주기)로 구분하여 체외수정시술 결과를 비교하였으며, 이들 결과를 난자세포질내 정자주입술을 이용한 폐쇄성 무정자증 환자의 체외수정시술 결과와 비교하였다. 결 과: 고환조직내 정자채취술 후 난자세포질내 정자주입술시 수정율은 각각 58.1% in GA, 42.2% in MA and 48.0% in S-HS로 조직병리학적 진단에 따른 차이는 없었으며, 폐쇄성 무정자증 환자의 72.9%에 비해 유의하게 낮은 수정율을 보였다 (p<0.001). 고환조직내 정자채취술시 채취된 정자 (spermatozoa, 94주기)로 난자세포질내 정자주입술을 시행한 주기의 배아 이식 후 임신율은 각각 22.6% in GA, 29.4% in MA와 26.1% in S-HS이었으며, 출생률은 각각 16.1%, 29.4%와 19.6%로 조직병리학적 진단에 따른 차이는 없었다. 정자세포 (spermatid, 16주기)를 사용하여 난자세포질내 정자주입술을 시행한 주기의 임신율은 각각 0.0% (0/3 주기), 9.1% (1/11주기)와 0.0% (0/2주기)이었으며, 출생률은 각각 0.0%이었다. 정모세포 (spermatocyte, 12주기)를 사용한 주기의 임신율은 각각 0.0% (0/6주기), 0.0% (0/4주기)와 0.0% (0/2주기)이었으며, 출생률도 각각 0.0%이었다. 결 론: 비폐쇄성 무정자증환자의 배아이식을 시행한 주기에서 고환의 조직병리학적 진단에 따른 난자세포질내 정자주입술시 수정율은 차이가 없었으며, 폐쇄성 무정자증 환자에 비해 유의하게 낮은 수정율을 보였다. 비폐쇄성 무정자증환자에서 고환조직내 정자채취술시 정자를 채취하여 난자세포질내 정자주입술을 시행한 주기의 체외수정시술 결과는 고환의 조직병리학적 진단에 따라 차이를 보이지 않는다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2000

본 실험은 조피볼락 (Sebastes schlegeli)의 생식년주기와 생식주기에 따른 sex steroid hormone들의 계절적인 변화를 밝히기 위하여 GSI와 HSI의 연간 변동과 생식소 조직학적인 연간 변화와 sex steroid hormone ($estradiol-l7{\beta}, 17{\alpha}, 20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, testosterone$, 그리고 $11-ketotestosterone$)의 혈중 수준의 연간 변화를 조사하였다. 암컷의 생식주기는 다음과 같이 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다: 1) 회복기 (6월${\~}$9월): 혈중 $estradiol-l7{\beta}$의 수준이 점차 증가 하였다. 2) 난황형성기 (9월~2월): 난모세포의 난황 형성이 관찰되며, GSI 값과 혈중 $estradiol-l7{\beta}$수준이 증가하였다; 3) 임신기 (2월${\~}$4월): 난소내에 발생중인 자어가 관찰되며, 2월에서 3월에 이르러 혈중 $17{\alpha}, 20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one$와 testosterone의 수준이 증가하였다: 4) 출산기 ($4{\~}5$월): GSI 값이 급격히 감소하면서 난소내에는 자어들의 출산된 흔적이 보였다: 5) 휴지기 ($5월$${\~}$7월) GSI값과 혈중 steroid hormone의 수준이 낮은 값을 유지하였다. 수컷의 생식년주기는 6단계로 나눌 수 있었다: 1) 정자형성 초기(4월${\~}$6월): GSI의 값과 혈중 steroid hormone의 수준이 점진적으로 증가하였으며, 정원세포의 포낭이 수가 증가하고 일부의 정모세포의 포낭들도 관찰되었다; 2) 정자형성 중기 (6월${\~}$9월): GSI의 값과 혈중 steroid hormone의 수준이 증가하고 많은 포낭내의 생식세포들이 활발하게 정자형성을 하고 있었다: 3) 정자형성기 후기 (9월${\~}$11월): GSI와 steroid hormone의 수준이 높은 값을 유지하고 있었으며, 정자들이 정세관 내강으로 방출되었다; 4) 정자 방출기 (11월${\~}$12월): 전세관의 내강이 확장되고 이 내강내에는 성숙된 정자들로 가득차 있었다: 5) 퇴화기 (12월${\~}$2월): GSI의 값이 점차로 감소하면서 정모세포의 포낭수도 점차로 감소하였다: 6) 휴지기 (2월${\~}$4월): 정소조직의 변화는 보이지 않았으며, GSI와 steroid hormone의 수준이 낮은 값을 유지하였다. 11월에 정소들의 정세관 내강에 성숙된 정자들로 가득차 있었고 난소내강에 정자괴들이 관찰되는 것으로 보아 이종의 교미시기는 11월과 12월사이라고 할 수 있다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.43-63
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• 1981

This study aimed to determine the effects of adrenalectomy on the sexual gland, the thyroid gland and the serum components. A total of 192 Wister strain albino rats were evenly divided into 4 sexually equal groups for the comparisons. Each groups was divided into a control and a treatment group by sexuality. Each tissue of the sexual gland and the thyroid gland was microscopically examined, and at the same time body weight and serum components were also examined on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 28th, 42nd, 56th, 70th and 84th day respectively following adrenalectomy. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The body weight was sufficiently retarded in decreasingly after the adrenalectomy as compared to that of control. 2. The histological change of testis started atrophy of spermatogonia and degeneration of spermatocyte. There was a, pp.ared no cell division activity. Spermatozoa in the seminiferous tuble was not noticed but degeneration of interstitial cell was started and spermatozoa in the epididymal duct disa, pp.ared. 3. Degeneration of oocyte and follicular cell was noticed as the histological change of ovary. There was not a, pp.arance of primary follicle and corpus Iuteum but interstitial cell was proliferated. 4. For the effect of adrenalectomy on the histological change of the thyroid gland, the number of small follicle decreased and that of large follicle increased as the time passed following the adrenalectomy. And the follicular epithelial cell became squamous as typical condition of functional decreased. 5. It was shown that in the total contents of serum protein no difference with control occurred with in the 70th day for male and female adrenalectomized, respectively. But the differences in protein contents were significanly decreased on the 70th day. 6. No difference occurred in the total serum lipids on the 7th day, but they decreased significantly on the 42nd day, and (P<0.01) on the 56th, and 70th day. A tendency to decrease was noted as time elapsed following adrenalectomy. 7. Increase and decrease were intercrossed in the serum cholesterol contents between the control and th treatment groups on the 28th day. But the difference significantly decreased on the 42nd, 56th, and 70th day after adrelalectomized. The contents showed tendency to decrease as time elapsed following adrenalectomy. 8. The blood glucose contents rapidly decreased with time. The difference were significant on the 28th and 42nd day, and highly significant on the 56th and 70th day for male adrenalectomized. 9. In case of solium, there was no noticeable sexual distinction. There was slight in creasing or decreasing for the control group. But the treatment group tended continuously to decrease for male and female. 10. It was shown that potassium contents tended to increase on the 28th day for male and female, but the differences were small. 11. As for chlorine, it tended to decrease rapidly on 7th day for male and female adrenalectomized, and the tendency continued.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2000

택트 스위치 제조공정 침지액의 주성분인 2-bromopropane독성에 대한 연구로 최단기의 폭로로 농도를 달리하여 3주간 반복 투여 시험을 시행하여, 흰쥐의 혈액 및 세정관의 변화를 관찰하기 위해 투여기간 동안의 체중의 변화, 고환, 간, 신장 등의 장기무게, 혈액화학과 혈액학적 분석 및 고환의 병리조직의 변화 등을 관찰하여 2-bromopropane의 급성투여 조건에서의 중독현상을 비교.분석하였다. 농도를 달리하여 투여에 따른 체중변동은 통계적으로 유의한(P<0.05)체중의 감소를 나타내었다. 1.000 mg/kg 투여군에서 백혈구수, 적혈구수, 혈구용적과 혈색소 농도에서 유의한 변화(p<0.05)를 보였다. 조직병리학적 소견으로 정 소에서는 세정관의 정조세포와 정모세포의 괴사를 볼 수 있었고, 기저막의 비후, 세정관의 Sertoli세포는 광범위하게 세포질성 공포현상을 보여주고 있다. 또한 간질조직에서는 Leydig 세포의 증식을 볼 수 있었다. 2-bromopropane의 손상부위는 조혈과 생식계가 표적으로 생각되며, 고농도 투여가 저농도 투여에 비해 독성이 심하며 독성물질의 양-반응 관계를 보여주고 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2016

Background: To investigate the effect of pectinase-treated Panax ginseng (GINST) in cellular and male subfertility animal models. Methods: Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced mouse spermatocyte GC-2spd cells were used as an in vitro model. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. For the in vivo study, GINST (200 mg/kg) mixed with a regular pellet diet was administered orally for 4 mo, and the changes in the mRNA and protein expression level of antioxidative and spermatogenic genes in young and aged control rats were compared using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Results: GINST treatment ($50{\mu}g/mL$, $100{\mu}g/mL$, and $200{\mu}g/mL$) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced ($200{\mu}M$) cytotoxicity in GC-2spd cells. Furthermore, GINST ($50{\mu}g/mL$ and $100{\mu}g/mL$) significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the $H_2O_2$-induced decrease in the expression level of antioxidant enzymes (peroxiredoxin 3 and 4, glutathione S-transferase m5, and glutathione peroxidase 4), spermatogenesis-related protein such as inhibin-${\alpha}$, and specific sex hormone receptors (androgen receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor) in GC-2spd cells. Similarly, the altered expression level of the above mentioned genes and of spermatogenesis-related nectin-2 and cAMP response element-binding protein in aged rat testes was ameliorated with GINST (200 mg/kg) treatment. Taken together, GINST attenuated $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in GC-2 cells and modulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes and of spermatogenic-related proteins and sex hormone receptors in aged rats. Conclusion: GINST may be a potential natural agent for the protection against or treatment of oxidative stress-induced male subfertility and aging-induced male subfertility.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2016

This report describes the sex differentiation of the Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii, from hatching to 170 days post-hatch (DPH) in relation to total length (TL), body weight (BW), and integral water temperature (IWT). The growth curve of TL from just hatching to 83 DPH was $5.144e^{0.045t}$ ($R^2=0.961$; t, time), and that of BW was $2.398e^{0.086t}$ ($R^2=0.725$). Primordial germ cells (PGCs) were observed at 17 DPH (7.9 mm TL, 3.74 mg BW, $374^{\circ}C$ IWT), and thereafter began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity. At 21 DPH ($9.2{\pm}0.14mm$ TL, $4.8{\pm}0.07mg$ BW, $462^{\circ}C$ IWT), some PGCs contained condensed chromatin and oocyte were observed in meiotic prophase. In contrast to the ovaries, which grew gradually after sexual differentiation, testes began multiplying at 25 DPH (10.1 mm TL, 5.42 mg BW, $550^{\circ}C$ IWT), when testicular differentiation was first identified, and multiplied continuously thereafter. At 33 DPH (11.2 mm TL, 10.5 mg BW, $726^{\circ}C$ IWT), the developing testes contained spermatogonia that exhibited mitotic activity. No spermatocyte or sperm cell was observed until 83 DPH (18.9 TL, 48.2 mg BW, $1,826^{\circ}C$ IWT). At 170 DPH (32.5 mm TL, 270.1 mg BW, $3,740^{\circ}C$ IWT), which was the end point of this study, the mature ovaries showed germinal vesicle breakdown, while the mature testes contained observable spermatocytes and sperm cells. These results allow us to identify the sex differentiation type of the Korean rose bitterling as differentiated gonochoristic.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.25-39
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• 2003

큰발웃수염박쥐 (Myotis macrodactylus)의 세정관 정상피의 분화과정과 미세구조적 특징들은 알아보기 위하여 광학 및 전자현미경을 이용하여 조사하였다. 정자형성 과정은 4월부터 9월까지로 나타났다. 정자형성세포의 미세 구조적 특징에 있어서, A형 (Ad, Ap)의 정원세포는 기저막 위에 위치하며, Sertoli cell에 의해 둘러싸여져 있고, 대부분의 세포는 타원형이다. Ad형은 Ap형 보다 핵과 세포질의 전자밀도가 높은 것이 특징적인 반면에, B형의 정원세포는 구형의 세포로서 A형 정원세포 보다 세포가 크며, Ap형과 마찬가지로 세포질이 밝고, 거의 핵소체가 핵막에 인접되어 있다. 정모세포는 크고 구형이지만, 제 1 정모세포가 제 2 정모세포보다 다소 크다. 정자변태는 골지, 두모, 첨체, 성숙 및 이탈기로 구분하였고, 세포구조물의 특징들에 의해 각각 전 후기로 다시 세분하여 전과정을 9 (기)로 나누었다. 핵질의 변화는 골지후기부터 서서히 응축하기 시작하여, 이탈기에서 완전한 핵을 형성하였다. 정자꼬리의 형성시기는 골지전기에서 형성하기 시작하여 이탈기에서 완성되었다. 동면직전 10월부터 동면기 (11월, 12월, 이듬해 1, 2, 3월)까지는 정자형성 세포의 퇴화과정이 일어났다. 즉 미분화 정자형성 세포들은 세르톨리 세포의 식작용에 의해 포식되어졌는데 이는 동면을 위한 에너지 효율적 이용과 번식조절을 위한 적응 메카니즘이라 여겨진다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.799-803
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• 2009

방사선 및 각종 독성물질에 의한 고환 정세관세포의 사멸은 apoptosis와 관련이 있다고 알려져 있으나 정세관상피주기에 따른 apoptosis 발생에 대한 변화연구는 미진하다. 본 연구에서는 감마선을 조사한 ICR 마우스의 고환에서 apoptosis 발생을 transferase-mediated end labeling (TUNEL) 과 periodicacid-Schiff (PAS) 염색을 동시에 실시하여 관찰하였다. Apptosis는 TUNEL 양성으로 나타났으며 특징적 형태변화를 보였다. 2 Gy (분당 2 Gy의 선량률)의 방사선을 조사하고 24시간동안의 변화를 관찰한바 방사선조사 후 12시간에 가장 높은 apoptosis 발생을 보였고 이후 감소하였다. 8 Gy까지의 방사선을 조사하고 8시간에 변화를 관찰한 결과 모든 정세관상피주기에서 방사선 용량에 비례한 apoptosis의 발생이 관찰되었다. 방사선 용량-반응은 linear-quadratic 곡선 [y=(-0.014${\pm}$0.009)$D^{2}$ +(0.31${\pm}$0.697)D+0.3575. Y는 정세관 당 TUNEL 양성세포의 수, D는 방사선 용량(Gy), $r^{2}$=0.9]에 가장 일치 하였다. 최대반응은 8 Gy에서 관찰되었으며, 0.5 Gy조사군에서도 변화가 나타났다. 이러한 변화는 정세관상피주기 V에서 B정조세포와 정세관상피주기 XII의 분열기 정자세포에서 가장 현저하였다.