• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.435-442
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• 2012

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from spent mushroom substrates (SMS) for the effective anaerobic fermentation to utilize SMS as an animal feed and to determine the optimal medium conditions for their growth. At first, a total of 23 strains were isolated from the ensiled SMS based on the LAB counts and pH tested. Then, a total of 16 strains which rapidly produce lactate and decreased the pH, were selected for a screening test. The optical density (OD), pH, and yellow clear zone were tested for the selected 16 strains. Among the strains, KU5 strain had wider yellow clear zone and lower pH and KU13 strain had higher OD at 24 hr of incubation and wider yellow clear zone compared to other strains and control strain (Lactobacillus plantarum KCCM 12116). Accordingly, KU5 and KU13 strains were finally selected. The KU5 and KU13 were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by the 16S rRNA sequencing. The KU5 strain was named as Lactobacillus plantarum KU5, and the KU13 strain was named as Lactobacillus plantarum KU13. Lactobacillus plantarum KU5 and Lactobacillus plantarum KU13 were registered at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Access number of Lactobacillus plantarum KU5 was HQ542227 and that of Lactobacillus plantarum KU13 was HQ542228. The optimal medium conditions for growth of KU5 and KU13 were soybean meal 2% and formulated feed 2%, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

An in situ ruminal disappearance trial and an in vivo sheep metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of spent mushroom substrate (SMS, originated from Pleurotus osteratus bed-type cultivation). The raw SMS was ensiled (ESMS) for 30 days with 5% (w/w, DM basis) molasses, 0.5% (v/w) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.5% (v/w) lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum). Two ruminally cannulated Holsteins (average BW 620 kg) were used to evaluate in situ disappearance. Six sheeps (average BW 48 kg) were fed, in $3{\times}3$ Latin square design, rice straw alone (Control), 25% (ESMS-25) and 50% (ESMS-50) of rice straw were replaced with ensiled SMS. For an in situ trial, ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance of SMS were increased after ensiling (P<0.05). For a sheep trial, protein and fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber) digestibilities were decreased (P<0.05), crude ash digestibility was increased (P<0.001), and nitrogen retention was not affected (P>0.05) as rice straw was replaced with ensiled SMS. Ruminating time was decreased by an average of 28% by feeding ensiled SMS (P<0.05). Ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation) had 76% of energy value of rice straw. Consequently, ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation, 100% cotton waste) could be used as a roughage source appropriate for maintenance type rations for ruminants.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the minimal yield of spent mushroom substrates (SMS) and physicochemical characteristics of Pleurotus ryngii, Pleurotus osteratus and Ammulina velutipes according to mushroom species and cultivation types. The annual yield of SMS in 2004 was minimally 1,670,182M/T and 10.7-fold of the mushroom yield. The yield of SMS for Pleurotus ryngii, Pleurotus osteratus and Ammulina velutipes was 972,141M/T and was 58.2% of the total yield of SMS. Data from the chemical analysis of totally 109 SMS samples revealed that bed type cultivation showed low NDF (65.2%), high NFC (12.7%) and high ash (11.5%) contents (P<0.05), resulting in better nutritional characteristics compared with bottle or vinyl bag cultivation. In general, it was more desirable to classify SMS by cultivation types rather than by mushroom species for the effective use of SMS as an animal feed. Among cultivation types, SMS from bed type cultivation needed to be preferably used as feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the feed-nutritional value of spent mushroom substrates(SMS) as a roughage source for ruminants through in vitro and in situ experiments. The SMS was classified into a roughage source with high fiber(NDF 64～78%) and low protein(CP 7～11%). The chemical composition of SMS was affected mainly by the primary culture ingredient rather than mushroom species. Compared with sawdust-SMS, cotton waste-SMS contained less(P<0.05) NDF and more(P<0.05) nonfibrous carbohydrate and ash(P<0.05). In vitro DM and NDF disappearances were high in the order of corn cob-, cotton waste-, and sawdust-SMS, in situ DM, NDF and ADF disappearances at 24hr incubation also showed the same pattern with in vitro trials. Compared with sawdust-SMS, cotton waste-SMS had higher digestible fractions and lower non-digestible fractions of NDF and ADF(P<0.05), resulting in higher in situ DM and NDF disappearances(P<0.05) and higher ruminal degradability(P<0.05). Therefore, the preferential use of cotton waste-SMS to sawdust-SMS is recommended as a roughage source for ruminants.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.236-243
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• 2012

Spent mushroom substrates is composted organic material remaining after a crop of mushroom is harvested. The raw materials of mushroom substrates are same feed ingredient as corncobs, rice brown, wheat brown, cotton seeds and beet pulp. During the mushroom cultivation process, the mushroom substrates was used 15-25% by mushroom and 75-85% of mushroom substrates was remained in the SMS. Among of the spent mushroom substrates, spent mushroom substrates of pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus and Flammuliua velutipes is can be use the energy feedstock of animal feed. The cellulose content of spent mushroom(pleurotus eryngii) substrates containing the sawdust was high and total digestible nutrients (TDN) values was low. The spent mushroom(pleurotus eryngii) substrates fermented with cellulase and xylanase producing bacteria is may be used as an ingredient of feed in TMR for Hanwoo steer.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.264-275
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• 2017

The spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Lentinula edodes that was derived from sawdust bag cultivation was used as materials for controlling Phytophthora blight disease of pepper. Water extract from SMS (WESMS) of L. edodes inhibited mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici, suppressed Phytophthora blight disease of pepper seedlings by 65% and promoted growth of the plant over 30%. In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, oxalic acid was detected as the main organic acid compound in WESMS and inhibited the fungal mycelium at a minimum concentration of 200 mg/l. In quantitative real-time PCR, the transcriptional expression of CaBPR1 (PR protein 1), CaBGLU (${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase), CaPR-4 (PR protein 4), and CaPR-10 (PR protein 10) were significantly enhanced on WESMS and DL-${\beta}$-aminobutyric acid (BABA) treated pepper leaves. In addition, the salicylic acid content was also increased 4 to 6 folds in the WESMS and BABA treated pepper leaves compared to water treated leaf sample. These findings suggest that WESMS of L. edodes suppress Phytophthora blight disease of pepper through multiple effects including antifungal activity, plant growth promotion, and defense gene induction.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2015

Water extracts from spent mushroom substrate (SMSE)of edible mushrooms, Pleurotus eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Lentinula edodes promoted growth of pepper seedling. Mycellial growth rate of Phythopthora capsici and Fusarium oxysporum was dramatically inhibited by 100% and 70% on PDA added with SMSE of H. erinaceus. SMSEs from H. erinaceus, P. eryngii, and L. edodes effectively reduced the disease severity of Phytophthora blight of pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici to 75%, 10% and 35%, respectively. These results suggested that SMSE from the mushrooms have dual effects that suppress phythopthora blight disease and promote plant growth of pepper.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1339-1346
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• 2018

In Korea, edible mushrooms are produced largely on commercial artificial media, so the annual production of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), as a by-product of the mushroom industry, is estimated at over 200 million tons. This SMS is assumed to contain abundant fungal mycelia and pre-fruiting bodies, as well as various nutritive and bioactive compounds that are presently discarded. This study examined the physico-chemical, nutritional, and enzymatic characteristics of uninoculated sterilized medium (USM) and SMS of shiitake mushrooms with the aim of developing a high-value added product from SMS. The contents of crude protein, crude lipid, and ash were higher after the third SMS harvest ($SMS-A-3^{rd}$) than in USM or $SMS-A-1^{st}$. The contents of Ca, Mg, and P in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ were 2.95, 2.35, and 2.1-fold higher compared than in USM. No As or Cd was detected in USM or SMS. The pH, Brix, and acidity were 4.6, 20.0, and 1.4, respectively in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$, but 5.6, 6.0, and 0.0, respectively, in USM. These results suggest a highly active production of soluble components and organic acids in $SMS-A-3^{rd}$. The distinct color differences noted for USM, $SMS-A-1^{st}$, and $SMS-A-3^{rd}$ could be used as a mycelial growth indicator. Enzyme activity assays using the APIZYM system showed that SMS is a potent source of hydrolysis-related enzymes, especially esterase (C4) and ${\beta}$-glucuronidase. Our results suggested that the SMS of shiitake has a high potential for use in environmental, agricultural, and stock-breeding industries, for example, as active ingredients for sewage treatment, waste-polymer degradation, and feed additives.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.1705-1709
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the feeding effects of the dietary supplementation of fermented spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrates with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CS47 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (F-SMS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers were allocated into two feeding groups and assigned equally to two dietary treatments; Control (commercial formula feed for Hanwoo steers and rice straw) and TMR including 30% F-SMS. The nutritional values of TMR including 30% F-SMS was higher crude protein (11.67%) and TDN (72.11%) than rice straw, but not significantly different from commercial formula feed (p<0.05). Feed intake was significantly greater in the TMR including 30% F-SMS than the control (p<0.05), but body weight gain and carcass grades were not influenced by the experimental diets. Based on this study, fermented spent mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrate with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CS47 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae is may be used as an ingredient of feed in TMR for Hanwoo steer.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.170-174
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• 2018

This study aims to investigate the antifungal and protective effects of water- and 70% methyl alcohol-extracts from spent mushroom substrate (WESMS and MeOHSMS) of Lentinula edodes, on Botrytis cinerea- the causative agent for gray mold disease in ginseng. MeOHSMS inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, by 75% and 95%, respectively. MeOHSMS could suppress gray mold disease of ginseng seedlings by 80% and effectively reduce the disease severity by 60%. Compared to the treatment of ginseng leaves with WESMS and DL-${\beta}$-aminobutyric acid (BABA), the MeOHSMS treatment increased the phenolic compounds in the leaves by 36% and 18%, respectively. These results suggest that the SMS extracts suppress gray mold disease in ginseng via dual functions: antifungal activity and increase in a plant defense factor-phenolic compounds.