• Journal of Audiology & Otology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test is a clinically effective measure of the integrity of the central auditory nervous system. The GIN procedure can be applied to a pediatric population above 7 years of age. The present study conducted the GIN test to compare the abilities of auditory temporal resolution among typically developing children, children with speech sound disorder (SSD), and children with cognitive difficulty (CD). Subjects and Methods: Children aged 8 to 11 years-(total n=30) participated in this study. There were 10 children in each of the following three groups: typically developing children, children with SSD, and children with CD. The Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology was conducted as a clinical assessment of the children's articulation and phonology. The Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) was administered as a screening test for general cognitive function. According to the procedure of Musiek, the pre-recorded stimuli of the GIN test were presented at 50 dB SL. The results were scored by the approximated threshold and the overall percent correct score (%). Results: All the typically developing children had normal auditory temporal resolution based on the clinical cutoff criteria of the GIN test. The children with SSD or CD had significantly reduced gap detection performance compared to age-matched typically developing children. The children's intelligence score measured by the K-WISC-III test explained 37% of the variance in the percent-correct score. Conclusions: Children with SSD or CD exhibited poorer ability to resolve rapid temporal acoustic cues over time compared to the age-matched typically developing children. The ability to detect a brief temporal gap embedded in a stimulus may be related to the general cognitive ability or phonological processing.

• 대한청각학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2020

Background and Objectives: The Gaps-In-Noise (GIN) test is a clinically effective measure of the integrity of the central auditory nervous system. The GIN procedure can be applied to a pediatric population above 7 years of age. The present study conducted the GIN test to compare the abilities of auditory temporal resolution among typically developing children, children with speech sound disorder (SSD), and children with cognitive difficulty (CD). Subjects and Methods: Children aged 8 to 11 years-(total n=30) participated in this study. There were 10 children in each of the following three groups: typically developing children, children with SSD, and children with CD. The Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology was conducted as a clinical assessment of the children's articulation and phonology. The Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (K-WISC-III) was administered as a screening test for general cognitive function. According to the procedure of Musiek, the pre-recorded stimuli of the GIN test were presented at 50 dB SL. The results were scored by the approximated threshold and the overall percent correct score (%). Results: All the typically developing children had normal auditory temporal resolution based on the clinical cutoff criteria of the GIN test. The children with SSD or CD had significantly reduced gap detection performance compared to age-matched typically developing children. The children's intelligence score measured by the K-WISC-III test explained 37% of the variance in the percent-correct score. Conclusions: Children with SSD or CD exhibited poorer ability to resolve rapid temporal acoustic cues over time compared to the age-matched typically developing children. The ability to detect a brief temporal gap embedded in a stimulus may be related to the general cognitive ability or phonological processing.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1994

We report the clinical treatment experience of a case with severe lateralization articulation disorder especially in /ㅅ/, who was treated with using a dynamic palatogram. The patient was 16-year-old male patient and he was taken several attempts of traditional speech therapy without improvement The authors tried to treat him with newly designed dynamic palatogram for two period with good results. We are going to review brief clinical experience with the patient and discuss the effectiveness and indications of the dynamic palatogram. In this study, we can summarize the effect of treatment as follows; Lateralization of the /ㅅ/ was improved markedly with using the dynamic palatogram, and we thought the improvement was achieved mainly by visual feedback control.

• 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.69-89
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• 1998

The aim of this study is to develop an objectively method of speech evaluation for children with cleft palates. To assess velopharyngeal function, Visi-Pitch, Computerized Speech Lab. (CSL), Nasometer and Palatometer were used for this study. Acoustic parameters were measured depending on the diagnostic instruments: Pitch (Hz), sound pressure level (dB), jitter (%) and diadochokinetic rate by Visi-Pitch, VOT and vowels formant ($F_1\;&\;F_2$) by a Spectrography and the degree of hypernasality by Nasometer. In addition, Palatometer was used to find the lingual-palatal patterns of cleft palate. Ten children with cleft palates and fifty normal children participated in the experiment. The results are as follows: (1) Higher nasalance of children with cleft palates showed the resonance disorder. (2) The cleft palate showed palatal misarticulation and lateral misarticulation on the palatogram. (3) Children with cleft palates showed the phonatory and respiratory problems. The duration of sustained vowels in children with cleft palates was shorter than in the control groups. The pitch of children with cleft palates was higher than in the control groups. However, intensity, jitter and diadochokinetic rate of children with cleft palates were lower than in the control group. (4) On the Spectrogram, the VOT of children with cleft palates was longer than control group. $F_1\;&\;F_2$ were lower than in the control group.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2024

심리언어학적 접근에 기반한 말처리 모델은 다양한 경로를 통해 말소리장애아동의 구체적인 말처리 결함을 한눈에 파악할 수 있는 모델이다. 말소리장애아동이 보이는 말산출 결함은 원인을 알 수 없는 경우가 대부분이기 때문에 개별화된 중재를 위해서는 기저의 강약점을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 말소리장애 아동의 모국어 결함은 외국어 산출에도 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 모국어와 외국어라는 두 언어 간 말처리 능력을 함께 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 한국어-영어 말처리 평가시스템 개발을 위한 예비연구로, 말소리장애아동(SSD) 10명과 일반아동(NSA) 20명을 대상으로 말산출 과제와 말처리 과제(변별, 음운표상판단, 비단어따라말하기)를 한국어와 영어로 각각 실시하여 언어종류에 따른 집단 간 비교를 시도하였다. 연구 결과, SSD 집단은 두 언어에서 모두 NSA 집단에 비해 유의하게 낮은 산출능력을 보였다. 말처리 과제 결과, 변별과제에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않은 반면, 음운표상판단과제의 경우 언어 종류 간, 비단어따라말하기과제의 경우 언어종류와 집단 간에서도 그 차이가 유의하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 아동의 모국어와 외국어 처리능력은 상이할 수 있으며, 추후 말처리 평가 프로그램 개발을 위해 하위과제를 보다 세분화하고 난이도를 조절할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 재활복지공학회논문지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 개발된 잡음제거 기능을 갖춘 시-청각 단서 제공 읽기 훈련 프로그램(이하 프로그램)을 소개한다. 프로그램은 시-청각 단서들을 지닌 훈련용 문장들을 제공한다. 말운동장애인들은 읽기훈련을 위해서 시각단서와 청각단서들을 각각 또는 동시에 사용 가능하다. 훈련 결과의 평가 편의성 제공을 위해서 잡음제거 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 알고리즘은 피험자가 컴퓨터화면에 제공된 문장을 읽을 때 읽는 말소리와 함께 녹음된 잡음과 청각단서 소리를 제거한다. 또한 피험자가 읽기 연습을 시작할 때 최초의 말소리 개시시간을 검출하는 기능을 구현하였다. 말소리의 녹음은 4가지 잡음환경(실내 잡음, 백색 잡음, 자동차 내부잡음, 배블 잡음)에서 성인 6명(남성 3 명, 여성 3명)으로부터 하였다. 잡음제거 전과 후에 대한 조건에서 녹음된 말소리의 실제 시작 시간과 프로그램상에서 찾은 시간과의 오차를 실험하였다. 잡음제거 전과 후에서의 시간오차가 $4.847{\pm}2.4235[ms]$ 향상되었다. 개발된 프로그램은 말운동장애인의 훈련 및 증상 평가에 도움이 될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2012

Background and Objectives : Dysarthria refers to speech disorder that causes difficulties in speech communication due to paralysis, muscle weakening, and incoordination of speech muscle mechanism caused by damaged central or peripheral nerve system. Pitch, strength and speed are influenced by dysarthria during detonation due to difficulties in muscle control. As evaluation items, alternate motion rate and diadochokinesis have been commonly used, and articulation is also an important evaluation items. The purpose of this study is to find acoustic characteristics on sound production of dysarthria patients. Materials and Methods : Research subjects have been selected as 20 dysarthria patients and 20 subjects for control group, and voice sample was composed of bilabial, alveolar sound, and velar sound in diadochokinetic rate, while consonant articulation test was composed of bilabial plosive, alveolar plosive, velar plosive. Analysis items were composed of 1) speaking rate, energy, articulation time of diadochokinesis, 2) voice onset time (VOT), total duration (TD), vowel duration (VD), hold of plosives. Results and Conclusions : The number of diadochokinetic rate of dysarthria was smaller than control group. Both control group and dysarthria group was highly presented in the order of /t/>/p/>/k/. Minimum energy range per cycle during diadochokinetic rate of dysarthria group was smaller than control group, and presented statistical significance in /p/, /k/, /ptk/. Maximum energy range was larger than control group, and presented statistical significance in /t/, /ptk/. Articulation time, gap, total articulation time during diadochokinetic rate of dysarthria group was longer than control group and presented statistical significance. The articulation time was presented in both control group and dysarthria group in the order of /k/>/t/>/p/, while Gap was presented in the order of /p/>/t/>/k/ for control group and /p/>/k/>/t/ for dysarthria group. VOT, TD, VD regarding plosives of dysarthria group were longer than control group. Hold showed large deviation compared to control group that had appeared due to declined larynx and articulation organ motility.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.643-652
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• 2018

Dysarthria is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects the control of articulation and pitch; therefore, it affects the uniqueness of sound produced by the speaker. Hence, dysarthric speaker recognition is a challenging task. In this paper, a feature-extraction method based on deep belief networks is presented for the task of identifying a speaker suffering from dysarthria. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated and compared with well-known Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient features. For classification purposes, the use of a multi-layer perceptron neural network is proposed with two structures. Our evaluations using the universal access speech database produced promising results and outperformed other baseline methods. In addition, speaker identification under both text-dependent and text-independent conditions are explored. The highest accuracy achieved using the proposed system is 97.3%.

• 대한구순구개열학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.95-108
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• 2002

언어 발달의 조기 단계를 이해하기 위한 일환으로 crying은 언어전 발달의 기초 단계로서 여러 학문적 분야에서 많은 연구가 있어왔다. 그러나 구순구개열(CLP))환아의 경우는cry-producing/control mechnism에 variation이 많은 이유로 이 분야의 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 의문점을 가지고 CLP환아의 cry feature에 대한분석을 하였다. 첫째, 정상아와 CLP환아의 cry에 전형적인 차이가 있는가? 둘째, CLP환아의 술전, 술후 cry feature에 변화가 있는가? 셋째, cry분석이 CLP환아의 이후 speech disorder에 대한 언어전 평가로서의 가치가 있는가? 넷째, 특정 parameter가 언어전 평가에 적절한 도구로 작용할 수 있는가? 생후 15개월 이내의 CLP 환아 3명과 유사한 나이대의 정상아 8명의 cry에 대한 공기역학 및 음향음성학적 분석을 통해 CLP 환아와 정상아, CLP환아의 술전, 술후 cry특성을 비교 분석하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 공기역학적 분석 1) airflow는 CLP 환아의 경우 정상아보다 약간 높았고 술 후 약간 증가하였다. 2)폐활량을 나타내는volume에서는 정상아보다 술전 CLP환자의 경우 보상적으로 더 큰 수치를 보였고 술후 약간 증가하였다. 3)강도를 나타내는 parameter(SPL)에서는 정상아 보다 술전 CLP환자의 계측치가 약간 작았으나 술 후 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 2. 음향음성학적 분석 1)기저 주파수 분석시 정상아에 비해 술 전 CLP환자의 경우 계측치가 약간 낮았으나 술 후 증가하여 정상군의 계측치에 근접하였다. 2)강도를 나타내는energy 측정시 정상아에 비해 술 전 CLP계측치가 보상성으로 약간 큰수치를 나타내었고 술 후 약간 더 증가하였다. 3) Shimmer에서는CUI환자의 술후계측치가술전에 비해 현저히 감소하여 정상군의 수치에 근접하였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.306-313
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• 2013

구강악안면의 여러 구조는 매우 복잡하고 정밀한 상호과정을 거쳐 말소리를 만들어낸다. 그 중 치아는 중요한 조음기관으로서 치아의 상실시 정상적인 발음을 하기 위해서는 혀와 턱의 위치 수정을 통한 적응이 필요하며, 적응 가능 범위를 벗어난 경우에는 적극적인 보철적, 교정적 치료를 요하게 된다. 소아의 다수 치아 상실은 조음에 어려움을 가져올 뿐만 아니라 부정교합, 악골발육 저하, 측두하악관절의 변위, 저작력 저하, 영양 불균형, 심미성 저하 등의 문제를 초래하기 때문에 반드시 상실부위의 회복이 필요하다. 아크릴릭 레진을 이용한 기존의 가철성 장치와 비교하여 Valplast$^{(R)}$ 탄성의치는 조직과 긴밀하기 접착되며 치은의 자연적인 색조를 투과시키는 얇고 강한 레진 유지부를 가져 심미성이 매우 높으며 우수한 물성을 가지는 등 많은 장점을 갖고 있다. 특히 전체적인 두께가 얇고 부피가 작아 이물감이 적고 혀의 움직임을 방해하지 않기 때문에 발음의 회복에 장점을 가진다. 본 증례는 완전탈구된 하악 전치부로 인해 조음장애를 보였으나 Valplast$^{(R)}$ 탄성의치를 장착한 후 조음의 개선을 보인 경도 지적장애 환아에 관한 것으로 조음검사를 통해 하악 전치부의 상실이 조음에 미치는 영향에 보고하고자 한다.