• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.749-761
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• 2014

Improving spectrum utilization efficiency is a fundamental goal of dynamic spectrum access technology. The definition of spectrum holes determines how to detect and exploit them. Current definitions of spectrum holes are ineffective in exploiting spatial-temporal spectrum holes. In this paper, a novel definition of spectrum holes is proposed, in which throughput loss indicates the impact of secondary users on primary users. The definition specifies spectrum holes, unifies the impact of secondary users on primary users and is effective exploiting spatial-temporal spectrum holes. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that the new definition proposed in this paper significantly improves the spectrum utilization efficiency.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.322-327
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 셀룰러 인지 라디오 망에서 주 사용자들 (PU; primary user)의 다중 채널상에서 발생하는 스펙트럼 홀 (spectrum hole)을 그룹핑(grouping)하여, 광대역 인지 사용자 (WCRU; wideband cognitive radio user)의 서비스 품질 (QoS; quality of service)을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 스펙트럼 홀 그룹핑 방법은 같은 시간에 발생하는 스펙트럼 홀들을 위너예측과정으로 예측하고, 예측된 스펙트럼 홀을 그룹핑하여 광대역 인지 사용자를 지원함으로써 인지 사용자의 서비스 품질을 향상시킨다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 단일 스펙트럼 홀 채널을 이용한 경우와 비교하여 핸드오프 호의 손실률과 초기 발생 호의 차단률을 줄일 수 있음을 보인다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제32권10B호
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• pp.621-629
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• 2007

CR 네트워크에서의 무선 채널은 일반적으로 우선 사용자에 의해 점유되어 사용하지 못하는 채널과 점유되지 않은 사용 가능한 채널로 분류된다. 하지만 이러한 채널 분류는 CR 노드와 우선 사용자의 시간적 특성만 고려하고, 공간적 특성을 고려하지 않아 유휴 주파수 자원 확보에 비효율적이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 중앙 집중형 CR 네트워크 환경에서 기존방식의 단점을 극복하여 유휴 주파수 자원을 보다 효율적으로 확보할 수 있는 새로운 채널 분류 방법을 제안하며, 제안하는 채널 분류 방법의 효율성을 수학적으로 분석한다. 이와 더불어 정의한 채널분류를 이용하여 주파수 자원이 매우 동적으로 변화하는 환경에서도 상하향 제어 채널 확보를 용이하게 확보할 수 있는 랑데부 알고리즘을 제안한다.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• 제2권6호
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• pp.357-366
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• 2013

Spectrum sensing, as a fundamental functionality of Cognitive Radio (CR), enables Secondary Users (SUs) to monitor the spectrum and detect spectrum holes that could be used. Recently, the security issues of Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) have attracted increasing research attention. As one of the attacks against CRNs, a Primary User Emulation (PUE) attack compromises the spectrum sensing of CR, where an attacker monopolizes the spectrum holes by impersonating the Primary User (PU) to prevent SUs from accessing the idle frequency bands. Energy detection is often used to sense the spectrum in CRNs, but the presence of PUE attack has not been considered. This study examined the effect of PUE attack on the performance of energy detection-based spectrum sensing technique. In the proposed protocol, the stationary helper nodes (HNs) are deployed in multiple stages and distributed over the coverage area of the PUs to deliver spectrum status information to the next stage of HNs and to SUs. On the other hand, the first stage of HNs is also responsible for inferring the existence of the PU based on the energy detection technique. In addition, this system provides the detection threshold under the constraints imposed on the probabilities of a miss detection and false alarm.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.440-445
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• 2016

인지라디오망에서 제한된 스펙트럼 자원을 효율적으로 이용하는 방법으로 PU (primary user)가 사용하지 않는 스펙트럼 홀의 크기를 예측하여 SU (secondary user)가 이용하는 방법이 있다. 본 논문은 SU의 서비스품질을 만족시키기 위하여, SU스펙트럼 홉핑호의 손실확률 (SHDP; spectrum hopping call dropped probability)을 최소화는 적응 호수락제어 기법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 호수락제어, 대역폭예측, 적응대역폭할당으로 구성된다. 예측기법은 스펙트럼홀의 크기뿐만 아니라, SU스펙트럼 홉핑호가 요구하는 대역폭크기를 함께 예측하며, 예약할 수 있는 자원의 크기가 부족할 때는 적응대역폭할당을 이용하여 SU스펙트럼 홉핑호의 손실확률을 최소화시킨다. 예측기법은 위너예측기법을 이용한다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 방법의 성능을 기존방법과 비교하고, SHDP를 최소화 할 수 있음을 보인다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.318-322
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• 2015

무선통신망에서 예측기법을 이용하는 경우는 대부분 사용자호가 요구하는 자원의 크기를 예측하여 미리 요구자원을 예약함으로써 사용자호가 요구하는 품질을 보장한다. 그러나 본 논문에서는 무선인지통신망에서 면허사용자가 사용하지 않는 스펙트럼홀(spectrum hole)자원의 크기를 예측하여 대여사용자의 스펙트럼 핸드오프호의 서비스 품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 채널할당방법을 제안한다. 스펙트럼홀의 예측은 위너예측모델을 이용한다. 채널할당 방법은 대여사용자호를 초기 발생호와 스펙트럼 핸드오프호로 구분하고, 예측된 스펙트럼홀 자원의 일정부분을 예약하여 스펙트럼 핸드오프호에 우선적으로 할당한다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 기법이 스펙트럼홀 예측을 사용하지 않는 방법보다 대여사용자의 스펙트럼 핸드오프호의 서비스 품질을 향상(50% 예약시 평균 11% 개선)시킬 수 있음을 보인다.

• 천문학회보
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.86.3-86.3
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• 2015

There could be significant numbers of isolated stellar mass black holes in our Galaxy. The detection of these black holes will provide important clues on the origin of supermassive black holes. Interstellar gas will be accreted to these isolated black holes in nearly spherical flow. The gas and the interstellar magnetic field will be compressed and emit bremsstrahlung and magnetic bremsstrahlung. We calculate the density, temperature, magnetic field of the accretion flow onto a 10 solar mass black hole as well as its radiative emission; special attention is given to cyclotron radiation and synchrotron radiation, which covers from microwave to X-ray. We consider the possibility to detect these radiation from isolated Galactic black holes with current instruments and surveys.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.890-910
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• 2014

This paper investigates the spectrum hole utilization of cooperative schemes for the two-way relaying model in order to improve the utilization efficiency of limited spectrum holes in cognitive radio networks with imperfect spectrum sensing. We propose two specific bidirectional secondary data transmission (BSDT) schemes with two-step and three-step two-way relaying models, i.e., two-BSDT and three-BSDT schemes, where the spectrum sensing and the secondary data transmission are jointly designed. In the proposed cooperative schemes, the best two-way relay channel between two secondary users is selected from a group of secondary users serving as cognitive relays and assists the bi-directional communication between the two secondary users without a direct link. The closed-form asymptotic expressions for outage probabilities of the two schemes are derived with a primary user protection constraint over Rayleigh fading channels. Based on the derived outage probabilities, the spectrum hole utilization is calculated to evaluate the percentage of spectrum holes used by the two secondary users for their successful information exchange without channel outage. Numerical results show that the spectrum hole utilization depends on the spectrum sensing overhead and the channel gain from a primary user to secondary users. Additionally, we compare the spectrum hole utilization of the two schemes as the varying of secondary signal to noise ratio, the number of cognitive relays, and symmetric and asymmetric channels.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권11호
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• pp.4226-4230
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• 2022

The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has designed a Hybrid-Low Power Research Reactor (H-LPRR) which can be used for critical assembly and conventional research reactor as well. It is an open tank-in-pool type research reactor (Thermal Power: 50 kW_th) of which the most important applications are Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Radioisotope (RI) production, education and training. There are eight irradiation holes on the edge of the reactor core: IR (6 holes for RI production) and NA (2 holes for NAA) holes. In order to quantify the elemental concentration in target samples through the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), it is necessary to measure neutron spectrum parameters such as thermal neutron flux, the deviation from the ideal 1/E epithermal neutron flux distribution (α), and the thermal-to-epithermal neutron flux ratio (f) for the irradiation holes. In this study, the MCNP6.1 code and FORTRAN 90 language are applied to determine the parameters for the two irradiation holes (NA-SW and NA-NW) in H-LPRR, and in particular its α and f parameters are compared to values of other research reactors. The results confirmed that the neutron irradiation holes in H-LPRR are designed to be sufficiently applied to neutron activation analysis, and its performance is comparable to that of foreign research reactors including the TRIGA MARK II.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.295-309
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• 2016

Spectrum sensing is an essential function that enables cognitive radio technology to explore spectral holes and resourcefully access them without any harmful interference to the licenses user. Spectrum sensing done by a single node is highly affected by fading and shadowing. Thus, to overcome this, cooperative spectrum sensing was introduced. Currently, the advancements in multiple antennas have given a new dimension to cognitive radio research. In this paper, we propose a multiple energy detector for cooperative spectrum sensing schemes based on the evidence theory. Also, we propose a reporting mechanism for multiple energy detectors. With our proposed system, we show that a multiple energy detector using a cooperative spectrum sensing scheme based on evidence theory increases the reliability of the system, which ultimately increases the spectrum sensing and reduces the reporting time. Also in simulation results, we show the probability of error for the proposed system. Our simulation results show that our proposed system outperforms the conventional energy detector system.