• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.66-82
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• 2009

Probabilistic atlases for the human brain structure are more suitable than single brain atlases for representing population anatomy. In this study, we hypothesized the group-specific probabilistic atlas for accurate characteristic feature coding. Our proposed method for a new group comparison study, using a subpopulation specific probabilistic atlas, was based on this hypothesis. A knowledge-based automatic labeling technique using nonlinear registration was applied to encode group-specific regional probabilistic information. Direct atlas-based comparison using volume counting above the probability threshold, distance measurement and correlation analysis were performed based on the probabilistic atlas. Here, we applied this method for comparison between Korean and occidental groups. The results showed that this method could provide simple but intuitive regions of interest-based group analysis for the entire cortex area.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1201-1206
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• 2008

Psychrometric chart displays graphically the thermophysical properties of moist air, so it is very conveniently used in air-conditioning and refrigeration. On general psychrometric chart, there are dry bulb temperature, web bulb temperature, absolute humidity ratio, relative humidity, specific enthalpy, specific volume, sensible heat factor, and enthalpy-humidity difference ratio. However, various state and process values besides aboves can be plotted on psychrometric chart. In this study, we developed the software drawing twenty kinds of lines, that is vapor pressure, mole fraction ratio of vapor, dew point temperature, degree of saturation, density, specific entropy, specific exergy, contact or bypass factor, uncomfort index, discomposition index, predicted mean vote index, predicted percent dissatisfied, and so on. We wish to this software is a help to design, analysis and education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.181-190
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• 1994

Various active carbons were made from plant sources of coconut shell, pine tree, oak tree and lignite coal. Pore characteristics of these adsorbents were investigated. 1, With increasing activation time, specific surface area and pore volume increased, but the development of micropores was limited at a certain level. The average pore diameter, by BET, of coconut active carbon was 15.5-21.8$\AA$ and that of lignite carbon was 15.6-31.3$\AA$. The pore diameters of silica-gel, sepiolite and zeolite was 30.9$\AA$, 58.6$\AA$ and 55.7$\AA$, respectively. 2. The Horvath - Kawazoe micropore diameter of coconut shell active carbon was under 10.5$\AA$ and that of the other active carbon was under 20.9$\AA$ but silica-gel 33$\AA$, sepiolite 103 $\AA$ and zeolite was unexpectedly large to be 175$\AA$. From the difference between BET micropore diameter and Howath - Kawazoe diameter, it could be said that silica - gel has comparatively uniform pore diameter but sepiolite and zeolite have very uneven diameter. 3. Total pore volume of coconut shell active carbon was 0.27-1.04 cm3/g but that of the other active carbon, 0.23-0.62 cm3/g, was much lower than that of coconut shell active carbon. Hydrophilic adsorbent silica - gel and sepiolite showed big difference in specific surface area, but pore volumes of these were 0.47 and 0.56 cm3/g showing similar value and micropore volumes of these were, respectively, 0.06 cm3/g and 0.04 cm3/g. Total pore volume of zeolite was 0.1 cm3/g and that of micropore was only 0.02 cm3/g.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.327-335
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• 2014

Current volume tables might underestimate or overestimate the volumes of individual trees in a specific region because the tables were made using the data from broad regions within South Korea. Therefore, to solve this problem, this study was conducted to develop local stem volume tables reflecting the local growth pattern and properties using stem taper equations in the regions of Hongcheon and Yeongju. We developed the local stem volume table for Pinus densiflora, which is the widely planted species in South Korea. To derive the most suitable taper equation for estimating the stem volume of region, three models of Max & Burkhart, Kozak and Parresol et al. were applied and their fitness were statistically analyzed by using the Fitness Index, Bias, and Standard Error of Bias. The result showed that there is a significant difference among the three models, and the Fitness Index of the Kozak model was highest compared to the other models. Therefore, the Kozak model was chosen for generating stem taper equation and stem volume tables for P. densiflora. The result from the developed stem volume tables of each region was compared to the current stem volume tables with driven by the data of tree growth obtained throughout the nation. The result showed that there is a significant difference (0.000< ${\alpha}=0.05$) in two regions, Hongcheon and Yeongju, and also there is a significant difference (0.000< ${\alpha}=0.05$) between the two regions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.750-756
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• 2015

This study was investigated cranberry powder substituted for flour in pound cake recipes with the amounts of 0, 4, 7, 10, and 13%. Cranberry powder have of 6.47% of moisture content, 3.38% of crude protein, 4.92% of crude fat and 0.43% of crude ash. No significant difference in weight was found from increased cranberry powder concentration. Volume and specific loaf volume have decreased as the cranberry powder content increased. No significant difference in moisture and brix was found from increased cranberry powder concentration. pH have decreased as the cranberry powder content increased. 'L' and 'b' decreased with an increase in the cranberry powder concentration, but 'a' increased. The texture measurement result showed that the hardness and chewiness of cake have decreased as the cranberry powder content increased. springiness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness showed no significant difference with the increasing amount of caked cranberry. Overall preference scores showed a high overall acceptability for the cake made with 7% cranberry powder.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.661-668
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• 2002

A study was made to examine the electrical, compositional, structural and morphological properties of Ag thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering in $O_2$ atmosphere with deposition temperature from room temperature to 15$0^{\circ}C$ using in-line sputter system. The Ag films deposited at temperature above $100^{\circ}C$ in oxygen atmosphere gave a similar specific resistivity to and even lower oxygen content than those deposited using pure Ar sputter gas The Ag films deposited with pure Ar gas was mainly composed of crystallites with [111] preferred orientation, while, for those deposited in oxygen atmosphere, more than 50% of the volume was composed of crystallites with [100] orientation. The difference in the micro structure did not cause any difference in the specific resistivity of Ag films. The results showed that the transparent conducting oxide films and the Ag films could be processed sequentially in the same deposition chamber with careful control of deposition temperature, which might result in a cost reduction for constructing the large scale in-line deposition system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 1982

As an attempt to reduce the consumption of petroleum resources and to improve the performance of a kerosene engine, a series of experiments was conducted using several kinds of ethanol-kerosene blends under the various compression ratios. The engine used in this study was a single-cylinder, four-cycle kerosene engine having a compression ratio of 4.5. To investigate the feasibility of ethanol-kerosene blends in the original engine, kerosene and blends of 5-percent, 10-percent, and 20-percent-ethanol, by volume, with kerosene were used. And to investigate the feasibility of improving the performance of the kerosene engine, a portion of the cylinder head was cut off to increase the compression ratio up to 5.0 by reducing the combustion chamber volume. Kerosene and blends of 30-percent and 40-percent-ethanol, by volume, with kerosene were used for the modified engine with an increased compression ratio. Variable speed tests at wide-open throttle were also conducted at five speed levels in the range of 1000 to 2200 rpm for each compression ratio and fuel type. Volumetric efficiency, engine torque, and brake specific fuel consumption were determined, and brake thermal efficiency based on the lower heating values of kerosene and ethanol was calculated. The results obtained in the study are summarized as follows: A. Test with the original engine: (1) No abnormal conditions were found when burning ethanol-kerosene blends in the original engine. (2) Volumetric efficiency increased with ethanol concentration in blends. When burning blends of 5-percent, 10-percent, and 20-percent ethanol, by volume, with kerosene, average volumetric efficiency increased 1.6 percent, 2.6 percent, and 4.1 percent respectively, than when burning kerosene. (3) Mean engine torque increased 5.2 percent for 5-percent-ethanol blend, 9.3 percent for 10-percent-ethanol blend, and 11.5 percent for 20-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. Increase in engine torque when using ethanol-kerosene blends was due to the improved combustion characteristics of ethanol as well as an increase in volumetric efficiency. (4) Up to ethanol concentration of 20 percent, mean brake specific fuel consumption was nearly constant inspite of the difference in heating value between ethanol and kerosene. (5) Brake thermal efficiency increased 0.3 percent for 5-percent-ethanol blend, 3.8 percent for 10-percent-ethanol blend, and 6.8 percent for 20-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. B. Test with the modified engine with an increased compression ratio: (1) When burning kerosene, mean volumetric efficiency, engine torque, and brake thermal efficiency were somewhat lower than for the original engine. (2) Engine torque increased 15.1 percent for 30-percent-ethanol blend and 18.4 percent for 40-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene. (3) There was no significant difference in brake specific fuel consumption regardless of ethanol concentration in blends. (4) Brake thermal efficiency increased 15.0 percent for 30-percent-ethanol blend and 19. 5 percent for 40-percent-ethanol blend than for kerosene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.581-585
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• 2003

Utilities of kiwi fruit powder prepared from post-mature kiwi fruit in bakery products such as bread and cookie were investigated. The characteristics of bread and cookie with different amounts of kiwi fruit powder were examined through physical measurement (color specific volume, crumb firmness, spread ratio, and extensibility) and seneory evaluation. In baking performance of frozen dough with kiwi fruit powder, $L^{*}$, $a^{*}$, and $b^{*}$ values of crust and specific volume gradually decreased as the concentration of kiwi fruit powder increased. Crumb firmness had significant difference compared to bread without kiwi fruit powder, and sensory characteristics of breads with kiwi fruit powder were more poor than bread without kiwi fruit powder. In a cookie with kiwi fruit powder although specific volume was not significantly different, the spread ratio of cookie and cookie toughness significantly decreased; furthermore, cookie extensibility significantly increased as an amount of kiwi fruit powder increased. Hardness and moistureness of cookies in sensory evaluation had a similar tendency as toughness and extensibility of cookies. Therefore, post-mature kiwi fruit could be utilized to improve the cookie qualities.ies.s.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 2005

We have evaluated the hydroxyl group-solvent specific interactions by using a Lichrosorb RP18 stationary phase and by measuring the retention data of carefully selected solutes in 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10(v/v%) methanol/water eluents at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 ${^{\circ}C}$. The selected solutes are 3 positional isomers of phenylpropanol, that is, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, 1-phenyl-2-propanol, and 3-phenyl-1-propanol. There exist clear discrepancies in ${\Delta}H^o$ (solute transfer enthalpy from the mobile to the stationary phase) and $T{\Delta}S^o$ (solute transfer entropy) among positional isomers. The difference in ${\Delta}H^o$ and $T{\Delta}S^o$ between secondary alcohols (1-phenyl-1-propanol and 1-phenyl-2-propanol)is negligible compared to the difference between the primary alcohol (1-phenyl-3-propanol) and secondary alcohols. The $T{\Delta}S^o$ values of 3-phenyl-1-propanol are close to those of butylbenzene while the $T{\Delta}S^o$ values of secondary alcohols are close to those of propylbenzene. The difference in ${\Delta}{\Delta}H^o$ (specific solute-mobile phase interaction enthalpy) between the primary alcohol and the secondary alcohol decreases with increase of methanol content in the mobile phase. A unique observation is an extremum for 1-phenyl-3-propanol in the plot of $T{\Delta}{\Delta}S^o$ vs. methanol volume %. The positive sign of $T{\Delta}{\Delta}S^o$ of 3-phenyl-1-propanol implies that the entropy of 3-phenyl-1-propanol is greater than that of the hypothetical alkylbenzene (the same size and shape as phenylpropanol) in the mobile phase.

• Fire Protection Technology
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• s.16
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• pp.20-23
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• 1994

This article investigates the different numerical methods, which are widely used for purpose of simulating a fire compartment the particular numerical methods such as finite difference, finite element, control Volume, and finite analysis are discribed in order to understand basic concepts and their applications. The fire simulations using fferent methods for the different physical geometrics have been reported in many recent literatures The convergence rate, the accuracy, and the stability are no simply dependent upon the specific method, The study of popular nu-merical methods by being compared among those is therefore significant to understand the nu-merical simulation of fire compartment.