• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권2호
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• pp.160-169
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• 2007

The data used to develop distance-independent individual models for natural mixed forests were collected from 712 remeasured permanent sample plots (25,526 trees) of 10-year periodic from 1990 to 2000 in Baihe Forest Bureau of Changbai Mountains, northeast China. Based on analyzing relationship between diameter increment of individual trees with tree size, competitive status, and site condition, the diameter growth models for individual trees of 15 species growing in mixed-species uneven-aged forest stands, that have simple form, good predicting precision, and easily applicable, were developed using stepwise regression method. The main variables influencing on diameter increment of individual trees were tree size and competition, however, the site conditions were not significantly related with diameter increment. The tree size variables (lnDBH and $DBH^2$) were the most significant and important predictors of diameter growth existing in all 15 growth models. The diameter increment was directly proportional to tree diameter for each species. For the competitive factors in growth model, the relative diameter (RD), canopy closure (P), and the ratio of diameter of subject tree with maximum diameter (DDM) were contributed to the diameter increment at a certain extent. Other measures of stand density, such as basal area of stand (G) and stand density index (SDI), were not significantly influenced on diameter increment. Site factors, such as site index, slope and aspect were not important to diameter increment and excluded in the final models. The total variance explained by the final models of squared diameter increment ($R^2$) for all 15 species ranged from 35% to 72% and these results compared quit closely with those of Wykoff (1990) for mixed conifer stands. Using independent data set, validation measures were evaluated for predicting models of diameter increment developed in this study. The result indicated that the estimated precision was all greater than 94% and the models were suitable to describe diameter increment.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.103-119
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• 2016

This study aims to assess habitat feature on the large-scale spawning ground of the Boreal Digging Frog Kaloula borealis in Daemyung retarding basin of Daegu, and to analyze the relationships between species abundance and meteorological factors for each habitat. Fifty-seven(57) pitfalls were installed to collect species abundance of 4 survey regions, and high-resolution satellite image, soil sampling equipment, digital topographic map, and GPS were used to develop habitat features such as terrain, soil, vegetation, human disturbance. The analysis shows that the frog is most abundant in sloped region with densely herbaceous cover in southern part of the retarding basin. In the breeding season, lowland regions, where Phragmites communis and P. japonica dominant wetlands and temporary ponds distributed, are heavily concentrated by the species for spawning and foraging. Located in between legally protected Dalsung wetands and lowland regions of the retarding basin, riverine natural levee is ecologically important area as core habitat for Kaloula borealis, and high number of individuals were detected both breeding and non-breeding seasons. Temperate- and pressure-related meteorological elements are selected as statistically significant variables in species abundance of non-breeding season in lowland and highland regions. However, in sloped regions, only a few variables are statistically significant during non-breeding season. Moreover, breeding activities in sloped regions are statistically significant with minimum temperature, grass minimum temperature, dew point temperature, and vapor pressure. Significant meteorological factors with habitat features are effectively applied to establish species conservation strategy of the retarding basin and to construct for avoiding massive road-kills on neighboring roads of the study sites, particularly post-breeding movements from spawning to burrowing areas.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.266-277
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• 2022

The current surveys of Ulva in the subtidal area around Jeju Island give a chance to discover unrecorded green algal species of the Korean macroalgal flora. As a result of this investigation, we found Ulva adhaerens Matusmoto & Shimada, inhabiting the subtidal regions, up to 15 m deep, and conducted the DNA barcoding on plastid rbcL-3P and tufA regions with describing the morphological characteristics. Our specimens of U. adhaerens forms a monophyletic clade with the Japanese type specimen and U. piritoka Ngāti Kuri, Heesch & W.A. Nelson from New Zealand exhibiting each 0.3% sequence divergences, respectively, in the plastid rbcL-3P. The genetic variation of U. adhaerens clade is 1.0-3.9% in rbcL-3P and 4.8-9.8% in tufA to each Ulva species, including the generic type, U. lactuca Linneaus. The morphology of Korean U. adhaerens specimens is identical to the type specimens of U. adhaerens from Japan having the development of rhizoidal filaments from both of the cell layers of the distromatic blade and the extension of rhizoidal clumps with adhesive trait between blades by extended rhizoidal clumps at the basal blades. The thallus attachment to substrate is by numerous minute discoidal plates made up of rhizoids originating from the inner part of distromatic blades in basal. Although there are still some problems to resolve the relationship between U. adhaerens and U. piritoka in the rbcL dataset and the phylogenetic pattern of the Group II intron of rbcL, we propose the new record of U. adhaerens in Korean macroalgal flora based on the morphological characteristics of Korean specimens. Continued study of the genus Ulva by morphological and molecular assessment will delimit the species of Ulva, elucidate the relationships between them, and uncover the species diversity.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.439-457
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• 1993

본 연구는 식물사회학적 방법에 의해 경상북도 안동군 임하댐 유역의 삼림식생을 분류하고 그 환경조건을 해석할 목적으로 실시되었다. 그 결과 다음의 4군락이 식별되었다: 소나무군락, 굴참나무-졸참나무군집, 아까시나무-닭의 장풀군락, 일본잎갈나무군락. 이중에서 소나무군락은 특히 인위적 영향이 미친 정도에 따라 다시 억새조성군, 산거울 조성군, 전형조성군 등 3하위단위로 세분되었다. 이들 삼림군락에 출현한 유관속식물은 총 63과 144속 191종 30변종으로 밝혀졌다. 이 연구에서 식별된 각 군락의 상관적, 종조성적 특징 및 고도, 경사, 지형, 토양과 같은 생육지의 환경조건이 기술되었다. 또, 상관적, 종조성적 특징과 함께 생활형의 분석 및 토양분석을 통하여 조사지에 있어서 일련의 천이경도를 명백히 하였다. 이와 관련한 삼림군락의 천이계열은 아까시나무-？의 장풀군락.일본잎갈나무군락\longrightarrow소나무군락\longrightarrow굴참나무-졸참나무군집\longrightarrow신갈나무군락의 순으로 밝혀졌다. 마지막으로 본 연구를 통해 귀납되는 사항으로서 댐의 건설을 전후한 자연생태계의 보전 방향이 제시되었다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.146-167
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• 2001

Korea and China are two opposite countries located aside Yellow Sea and co-utilize the East China Sea. The two countries are close together from geological point of view, however, the competitive development of resources was more emphasized than the cooperative development of resources between the two countries because the special policy relationship. Additionally, after the communist government of China was founded in 1949, the political conception between the two countries was quite different. Therefore the establishment of appropriate international fisheries co-operation was impossible, and the international management problems of fisheries resources in Yellow Sea and East China Sea were let alone. UN convention on the Law of the Sea came to force in 1994, Korea and China adopted the exclusive economic zone system in 1996. On the other hand, Fisheries Law in Korea was enacted in 1953 in order to management of fisheries resources, and also China was enacted fisheries law in 1986. The two countries control the fisheries effort through fisheries license system, meanwhile through prohibition fishing area, prohibition fishing period, limitation of net size, and limitation of body length to conserve and manage the fisheries resource. The serious management methods of resource management in the two countries are similar such as the creation of promptly decreased species and those species that have commercial value, discharge of fish seedling stock, settlement of artificial reef and clean of fishing ground. Therefore, the two countries should consider not only the improvement of formal law system, but also how to recover the fisheries resources in circumference water zone and how to improve the efficiency of fisheries resource management. Specially the settlement and management of artificial reef should be chosen in the area that have the highest benefit to two countries, and should establish the common management system of discharge of fish seedling stock. And the two countries should adopt the same criteria through technical management and limitation of net size, limitation of body length, and prohibition area of special fisheries to ensure the highest fisheries benefit of fisherman in the two countries and the highest efficiency of fisheries resource management.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제79권2호
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• pp.216-221
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• 1990

계룡산(鷄龍山)과 덕유산(德裕山) 삼림군집(森林群集)의 종(種) 조성(組成)과 입지(立地)와의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 TWINSPAN(two-way indicator species analysis)과 DCCA(detrended canonical correspondence analysis)를 시행하였다. 식생(植生) 및 환경자료(環境資料)로 계룡산(鷄龍山) 128개소(個所), 덕유산(德裕山) 57개소(個所)의 data를 사용(使用)하여 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 계룡산(鷄龍山)과 덕유산(德裕山)의 삼림군집(森林群集)과 토양환경(土壤環境)과의 관계(關係)를 살펴보면 Quercus mongolica군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高)가 높고, 토양(土壤) 양료(養料)가 많은 곳에 주(主)로 분포(分布)하고 있으며, Carpinus laxiflora군집(群集)과 Fraxinus rhynchophylla군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高)는 중간(中間)이고 양료(養料)가 많은 곳에 주(主)로 분포(分布)하고 있으며, Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica 군집(群集)과 Quercus variabilis 군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高), 양료(養料) 모두 중간(中間) 부분(部分)인 곳에 주(主)로 분포(分布)하고 있으며, Styrax japonica 군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高)는 낮고 양료(養料)가 중간부분(中間部分)인 곳에 주(主)로 분포(分布)하고 있으며, Pinus densiflora 군집(群集)은 해발고(海拔高)는 낮고 양료(養料)가 적은 부분(部分)에 주(主)로 분포(分布)하고 있다. 군집(群集) 분포(分布)에 영향을 미치는 제일(第一)의 환경(環境) 요인(要因)은 해발고(海拔高)(온도(溫度))이다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.366-377
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• 2019

논 습지는 다양한 야생동물들의 주요 서식공간으로, 급격한 개발 및 환경 변화로 인해 논에 서식하는 야생동물의 생물 다양성 보전에 위협이 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서해안에 위치한 논 습지를 이용하는 무미 양서류의 서식지 이용 특성을 규명하고자 2018년 3월부터 10월까지 당진시 대호 간척 농지에 서식하는 양서류의 풍부도와 서식 환경을 바탕으로 종들에게 영향을 끼친 주요 환경 요인을 파악하고, 서식지 이용 특성을 알아보았다. 연구 결과 조사지역에서는 금개구리(Pelophylax chosenicus)를 포함하여 참개구리 (P. nigromaculatus)와 청개구리 (Hyla japonica)의 서식이 확인되었다. 3종에 영향을 끼치는 환경 요인으로 기온과 습도, 수심, 미소 서식지로 확인되었고, 청개구리는 수온에 영향을 받고 있었으며, 금개구리는 벼의 길이와 농법의 유형에 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 3종은 모두 기온과 습도, 수심이 증가할수록 개체수가 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 모내기한 필지를 가장 많이 이용했으며, 번식 시기에는 미소 서식지 요인 중 필지를 가장 선호하고 있어 조사지역이 3종의 주요 번식지로 이용되고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 금개구리는 관행에 비해 친환경 농지에서 더 많이 관찰되었는데, 이는 포식자와 제초작업으로 인한 주변 환경의 차이로 인한 원인으로 보인다. 본 연구를 통해 논에 서식하는 무미 양서류 3종이 선호하는 환경 요인은 종에 따라 다른 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과는 무미 양서류 보전에 중요한 자료를 제공할 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.506-510
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 국내 주요항에서 출현하는 식물플랑크톤 잠재적 위해종의 시 공간적 변화를 파악하고, 환경요인과의 관계를 이해하는데 있다. 부산, 울산, 인천 및 광양항에서 2007년 1월부터 12월까지 잠재적 위해종 및 환경요인을 계절별로 총 4회 조사하였다. 조사기간 중 출현한 잠재적 위해종은 총 25종으로, 이 중 적조 원인종이 20종이었으며 독소생산종이 5종이었다. 적조 원인종인 Skeletonema costatum은 전 조사 지역에서 우점종으로 나타났다. 이 종은 부산항에서 수소이온농도와 양의 상관관계를, 용존산소와 음의 상관관계를 보였고(p<0.05), 울산항에서는 부유물질과 수소이온농도와 양의 상관관계를, 염분과 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 또한, 광양항에서는 염분 및 질산염과 양의 상관관계를, 수소이온농도와 음의 상관관계를 보였고(p<0.05), 인천항에서는 질산염과 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.01). 독소 생산종 중 기억상실성 패독인 도모익 산을 배출하는 것으로 알려진 Pseudo-nitzschia spp.는 전 조사지역에서 출현하였고, 질산염 및 규산염과 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). 그리고 설사성 마비패독을 일으키는 Dinophysis acuminata 및 기억성 마비패독을 유발하는 Alexandrium spp.는 화학적 산소 요구량과 양의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.01). 적조 원인종은 항구의 물리적 환경요인에 영향을 받은 반면 독소 생산종은 영양염류와 같은 화학적 요인에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.173-179
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• 2012

The common squid $Todarodes$ $pacificus$ is a dominant species in Korean waters, where it is captured preponderantly by the angling fishery. The spawning and nursery grounds of $T.$ $pacificus$ extend from the southern East Sea to the northern East China Sea. Consequently, the environmental conditions in this area during the spawning and nursery seasons might affect the abundance of $T.$ $pacificus$. This study, analyzed the relationship between the distribution of zooplankton and the abundance of $T.$ $pacificus$ and variation in the squid angling fishing grounds in Korean waters. There was a positive relationship between the fluctuations in zooplankton and the catch per unit effort (CPUE; $kg{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}person^{-1}$) of the angling fishery in the East Sea of Korea. The main fishing season is from July to December and the CPUE was closely related to the zooplankton biomass in April in the East Sea. Recently, the center of the squid jigging ground has moved drastically from the area around Ulleung Island to the northern East Sea. We postulate that the fishing grounds of the squid angling fishery will move farther north with climate change.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2014

This research was conducted on the conservation area of Baekdudaegan, Kangwondo under the purpose of evaluating bio-diversity according to the changes of spatial scale, using GIS data and spatial filtering method. The diversity index was calculated based on the information of species of The $5^{th}$ forest type map using Shannon-weaver index (H'), evenness index ($E_i$) and richness index ($R_i$). The diversity index was analyzed and compared according to the changes of 12 spatial scales from Kernel size $3{\times}3$ to $73{\times}73$ and basin unit. As for H' and $R_i$, spatial scale increased as diversity index decreased, while $E_i$ decreases gradually. H' and $R_i$ was highest; each 1.1 and 0.6, when the Kernel size was $73{\times}73$, while $E_i$ was 0.2, the lowest. When you look at according to the basin unit, for large basin unit, 'YeongDong' region shows higher diversity index than 'YeongSeo' region. For middle basin unit, 'Gangneung Namdaecheon' region, and for small basin unit, 'Gangneung Namdaecheon' and 'Gangneung Ohbongdaem' region shows high diversity index. When you look at the relationship between diversity index and Geographic factors, H' shows positive relation to curvature and sunshine factor while shows negative to elevation, slope, hillshade, and wetness index. Also $E_i$ was similar to the relationship between H' and Geographic factor. Meanwhile, $R_i$ shows positive relationship to curvature and sunshine factor, while negative to elevation, slope, hillshade, and wetness index. macro unit diversity index evaluation was possible through the GIS data and spatial filtering, and it can be a good source for local biosphere conservation policy making.