• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.66-94
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• 2004

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i. e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable's impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in what factors of the hospital cost determinants.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.125-140
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• 2018

통계에 의하면 국내 중소기업들은 자금조달의 대부분을 은행 대출에 의존하고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 그러나 담보가 없고 금융거래 이력도 부족한 소상공인들은 은행으로부터 대출을 받는데 어려움을 겪고 있다. 재무제표 등 은행에서 신용평가를 위하여 필요로 하는 정보를 제공하지 못하는 금융정보부족 (Thin File) 때문이다. 이러한 문제를 타개하기 위해서 최근 P2P 등 대안금융에서는 기존의 금융정보 대신 핀테크를 활용한 인구통계, 거래정보 등 차별화된 정보들을 이용하여 소규모 자금을 소상공인들에게 제공하는 새로운 신용평가기법들이 확산되고 있다. 이러한 환경 변화 패러다임 속에서 본 연구는 매출액 변동, 입지조건 등 상권정보에 기초한 빅데이터를 활용하여 소상공인들에게 자금공급을 확대할 수 있는 신용평가방안을 모색하고자 한다. 상권에서 발생하는 빅데이터를 실증적으로 분석함으로써 신용평가요소로서의 효과성을 검증하여 소상공인의 사업성 평가에 필요한 주요변수들을 도출하고자 하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 2009년에서 2018년 2월까지 서비스업을 영위하는 서울시 소재 사업체 17,116건을 대상으로 사업체의 위치별로 발생하는 상권정보를 빅데이터 전문기업 NICE지니데이터(주)로부터 수집하여 표본을 구성하였다. 소상공인들에게서도 어렵지 않게 구할 수 있는 사업장의 입지 및 상권과 관련된 빅데이터를 수집 분석하여 이들 데이터가 기업의 부실화에 영향을 미치는가를 분석하였다. 기존에 활용되지 못한 빅데이터 변수들을 탐색하여 소상공인에 대한 효율적인 금융지원에 활용 가능성을 확인함으로써 대부분 정책자금이나 담보에 의존하여 이루어지는 소상공인대출이 일반 상업은행에서도 중소기업대출의 한 부문으로 비중 있게 이루어질 수 있도록 하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 근본적으로 정보비대칭 (Information Asymmetry)의 문제가 내재되어 있는 소상공인들의 자금조달에 관하여 전통적인 재무정보가 아닌 상권분석 변수들을 도출하고, 이 변수들이 신용평가에 효과성이 있는지 여부를 상권 빅데이터의 분석을 통하여 검증하였다는 점에서 연구의 차별성이 있다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.90-103
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• 2012

본 연구는 도시농업인과 공무원의 도시농업에 대한 인식비교를 바탕으로 정부 및 지자체에 의해 진행되고 있는 도시농업 정책문제점을 파악하고, 향후 장기적으로 활성화될 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 외 도시농업의 최근 경향과 관련법령 및 제도에 대한 고찰을 통해 시사점을 도출하였으며, 도시농업인과 공무원을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하였다. 연구결과, 도시농업을 활성화시키기 위해서는 첫째, 도심 내 주거공간을 세밀히 분석하여 옥상녹화, 도시텃밭, 공원녹지 등 이용 가능한 경작지를 확보해야 한다. 둘째, 도시농업의 지속성을 확보하기 위해서는 국가적으로 우리나라 실정에 맞는 도시농업 관계법을 제정하고, 제도적 기술적 차원에서 뒷받침해 주어야 한다. 셋째, 도시민과 공무원간에 네트워크를 형성하여 경작활동 시 문제점 및 개선사항에 대해 건의하고, 농업기술 등을 활발히 교류할 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 한다. 넷째, 도시농업에 참여하고자 하는 도시민들에게 재배방법과 관리방법에 대한 교육 및 다양한 참여프로그램을 제공함으로써 텃밭을 활성화시켜야 한다. 다섯째, 조경관련협회를 통해 전문적인 정규교육과 실무프로그램을 마련해야 한다. 여섯째, 도시민의 흥미를 일으킬만한 프로모션 활동이 수반되어 자발적인 참여를 유도하여야 한다. 끝으로 도시농업 공원 및 도시농업시설에 대한 법적 근거를 마련하여야 하며, 향후 도심 내 도시농업이 안정적으로 지속될 수 있도록 다각적인 정책의 모색과 실천이 추진되어야 한다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2008

목적 : 검사실별 IP카세트와 테이블의 미생물 수와 세균학적 오염도를 알코올과 소독제가 포함된 티슈를 사용 전 후로 나누어 동정한 후 통계적으로 검정을 실시하여 영상의학과내 병원감염관리의 예방과 올바른 소독 지침을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 본 연구는 대전광역시 소재의 1개 대학병원 영상의학과의 일반촬영실을 대상으로 하였다. 기간은 2007년 4월 5일부터 4월 12일까지 이루어졌으며, 검사실별 IP카세트와 테이블의 미생물 수와 세균학적 오염도를 알코올과 소독제가 포함된 소독용 티슈를 사용 전, 후로 나누어 실시하였으며, 정확한 수집을 위하여 병원내 감염관리 전문 간호사와 함께 시료를 채취하였다. 통계처리는 SPSS V13.0을 사용하였으며, 전 후 비교를 위해 T-검정을 실시하였으며 사후검증을 실시하였다. 결과 : 24개의 대상 중 19개(79.2%)에서 세균이 검출 되었으며 5개(20.8%)에서는 세균이 검출되지 않았다. 분리된 세균의 종류는 7종의 세균이 검출 되었는데 그 중 Methicillin Resistant coagulase-negative Staphylo-cocci(MRCNS)가 15(62.5%)곳으로 가장 많이 검출되었으며, 그 다음으로 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA)가 6(16.7%)곳으로 많았으며, Enterococcus Faecium(EFM)이 5(20.8%), Acinetobacter baumannii(ABA) 2(8.3%), Bacillus sp, Coagulase-negative Staphylococci(CNS), Enterococcus sp(ENT)가 각각 1(4.2%)곳에서 검출되었다. 또한 ABA를 제외한 모든 것이 그람양성구균(Gram positive bacilli)이 30(97%) 례에서 검출 되었으며, 1(3%)례에서만 그람음성균(Gram positive bacilli)이 검출되었다. Group별 70% Alchol 사용 전 후 균의 종류 및 군락 수에서는 70% Alchol로 소독을 한 후 세균을 동정한 결과 70% Alchol 소독군에서는 IP Cassette와 Table 그룹 모두에서 100% 세균이 사멸되었다. Group별 Tissue Cleaner 사용 전 후 균의 종류 및 군락 수에서는 Tissue Cleaner 그룹에서의 균의 사멸률은 10그룹(71.2%)에서만 세균이 완전히 사멸되었으며, 4 그룹에서는 많은 감소를 보였으나 여전히 세균이 검출되었다. 전체 균의 사멸률은 91.5%로 나타났는데 다른 균들은 모두 사멸된 반면 MRCNS 균은 사멸률이 가장 낮았(83.6%)으며, 다음으로 MRSA(95%)가 낮았다. 결론 : 70% Alchol과 Tissue Cleaner의 사용전 후 검출되는 세균의 평균을 비교한 결과 모두에서 유의수준5%에서 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.318-326
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• 2016

본 연구는 난임 치료 시술 유경험자를 대상으로 난임 특성을 파악하고, 특성에 따른 보조생식술의 치료 결과와의 관계를 분석하였다. 울산 일 산부인과전문병원의 협조를 얻어, 2012년~2013년까지 난임 시술을 받은 344명의 데이터를 수집하여 분석하였다. 분석방법은 교차분석, 로지스틱 회귀분석을 하였고, 통계적 검정은 ${\chi}^2-test$를 하였다. 난임 대상자 특성은 30대(72.1%)가 가장 많았고, 질병은 없는 경우(70.9%), 출산 자녀도 없음(77.0%)이 가장 많았다. 난임 원인은 연령이 높을수록 자궁요인이 많았고, 연령이 낮을수록 난소 요인이 많았다. 보조생식술을 시행한 시술은 IUI(51.5%), IVF(23.0%), IUI+IVF(25.6%) 이었고, 보조생식술 시술은 연령(p<.013), 난임 기간(p<.014), 유산경험(p<.008)이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 보조생식술 시술 결과 임신이 34.9%이었고, 그 중 인공수정은 49.2%, 체외수정은 50.8% 이었다. 성공 시술 평균 횟수는 인공수정 시술은 1.64회, 체외수정 시술은 1.36회로 체외수정이 인공수정보다 0.28회 낮았다. 따라서 보조생식술 유형에 따른 임신 성공률을 높이기 위해서는 인공수정 시술은 연령이 낮고, 난임 기간이 짧을수록, 출산 자녀가 없는 경우, 체외수정 시술은 연령이 높고, 난임 기간이 길수록, 출산 자녀가 있는 경우 선택해야 한다. 본 연구는 보조생식술을 시행한 전체를 대상자로 분석하였다는 연구적 의의가 있으나, 일 광역시라는 지역적 제한으로 일반화 하기는 어렵다. 이를 기초로 지역별 및 전국 난임 치료자를 대상으로 한 후속 연구가 이루어진다면 난임 원인별 특성을 파악하여, 효율적 치료 방안 구축 마련에 도움이 될 것이다.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.67-84
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine beauty shop workers' views of job. Data were collected from the workers in Seoul, Daegu, Pohang, Junjoo, and Kimhae from June 1, 2000 to August 31, 2000. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. According to general characteristics of the subjects, 28,7% of them was female; 94.2% 'specialized in hair'; 46.4% 'below twenty nine years old'; 47.1% 'married'; 59.7% 'highschool graduate'; 33.9% 'worked for below three years'; 28.5% 'monthly income of five hundred thousand to nine hundred ninety thousand won'; 62.3% 'working for above twelve hours a day' ; 41.0% 'above five workers' ; 40.6% 'working in city'. 2. 54.8% of the respondents thought that they were in good health. 76.3% of them smoked and 54.8% drank. 62.8% of them did not exercise and 78.7% was under stress. 61.5% responded that they chose the job because of its possibility of professional vocation. 91.0% of them obtained the beauty skill from beauty schools. 3. Among the factors which influenced job satisfaction, 'stable job and life security' was highest(43.9%), while 'interest in the job and amount of pay' was lowest(3.2%). 'Personal ability and use of originality' was 19.4% and 'harmonious relationship with fellow workers' was 18.1%. 'Job environment' was 7.1% and 'harmonious relationship with higher workers' was 4.5%. 4. The level workers' view of job was $113.8{\pm}17.3$ points on the basis of 150 points. On the basis of 75 points, each item showed it points in order of self-development($22.3{\pm}3.8$), service for customers($20.1{\pm}3.1$), vocational mission($15.6{\pm}3.1$), harmony with the others($18.9{\pm}3.5$), working environment($18.6{\pm}3.6$), and working condition($14.3{\pm}5.1$). 5. Among the reasons why they considered leaving the job, 24.0% of them considered it because they could not free time, while 15.4% considered it because undesirable living environment or long distance from home. 15.0% thought it because they could not receive proper treatment as much as they worked and 12.8% thought they overworked. 6. When they move into new working places, they consider such factors as good working environment(24.1%), good place to open their own beauty shops(16.7%), good beauty shop to learn beauty skill(15.6%), chance to have job training(9.5%), and close place from home(9.0%). 7. 40.6% of the respondents wanted to leave the job, while 32.3% of them did not want to leave the job. The intention of leaving the displayed significant difference in the variables of age, working period, monthly income, marital status, the number of workers, location of the shop, rank, and reason of selecting the job. 8. According to the results of a regression analysis of factors which influenced job satisfaction, it was affected significantly by intention of leaving job, the number of workers, health condition, level of stress, and monthly income. The beauty shop workers showed low satisfaction level with working environment, working condition, and working mission, They considered leaving the job because of lack of free time, overwork, poor working environment, improper treatment, etc. Therefore, related professionals and organizations must device adequate measures in order to make them work with pride as creators of beauty.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.83-101
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• 1981

Under the full consideration of the growing need and importance of population education in the field of home economics in Korea, the study was carried out to verify and assess the following facts on the current issues of population education of home economists who are presently engaging in teaching professions as the teachers of middle and high school and professors of college and universities by setting its primary objectives of the study as followings; 1) to assess the degree of general knowledge and attitudes of home economists toward population education in the field of home economics, 2) to verify the problems encountered in implementing population education by home economists in its field, 3) to find an existing status of previous trainings received and other activities of population education of home economists aimed at utilizing these findings as a part of reference materials when the population education is conducted in the field of home economics. In order to attain these objectives described above, the questionnaire was carefully designed to house a total of 40 questions with good combination of multiple-choice and the simple answer questions. The mail questionnaire survey was conducted by establishing teachers of home economics at middle/high schools and college/universities as Senior Home Economists(SHE) who are from public, private liberal arts and vocational schools. The rate of response observed during the survey was 45.6 percent and the findings of the survey research are as follows: 1) Examining the status of the respondents by residence and religion, it was found that 45 percent of middle & high school teachers ar.d 59. 1 percent of college professors are residing in Seoul city area and that the largest percent of them are christian in their religion. Analyzing respondents by their ages, 56 percent of middle/high school teachers are in their 30s, 45 percent of college professors are in their 40s, and 37 percent of college teachers are in their 30s. In addition, 13 percent of the total respondents are found to be unmarried. The study also revealed that 71 percent of the college professors finished Master Degree course and 82 percent of middle/high school teachers are graduated from college level lasting 4 years. Looking over the status cf major fields of respondents, 68.4 percent of middle/high school teachers are specialized in home economic education and the college professors, on the other hand, show relatively even prortion by specializing in the order of food & nutrition science, clothes & textile science and home managerial science. As far as the length of teaching experience is concerned, a relatively longer period of teaching experience is observed in the college professors in comparison with that of middle/high school teachers. In other words, 33.3 percent of middle/high school teachers are experienced in teaching from 6 to 10 years on average while 43.9 percent of college professors show more than 16 years of experience. 2) Examining the status of existing number of children cf the respondents, one boy and one daughter pattern is predominant, showing 28.5 percent in middle/high school teachers and 21.1 percent in college professors. As for the desired number of children of unmarried respondents, it is observed that 43.8 percent of middle/high school teachers desire to have one boy and one girl, and 31.3 percent of college professors want to have one child regardless of the sex. By assessing the degree of awareness of the population education through their students, it is observed that 53 percent of middle/high school teachers and 50 percent of college professors are aware of population education in some extent and that a majority of respondents took the positive attitudes toward an inclusion of family planning components into the formal school education. Another noteworthy to observe is that a total of 84.8 percent out of middle/high school teachers pointed that the population education currently conducted at schools as a part of home economics are less sufficient than it should be. 3) Analyzing the tendency as to whether the respondents were experienced in receiving population education during the time when they were students, 75 percent of college professors and 59 percent of middle/high school teachers responded negative answers in the survey. In the mean time, a total of 50 percent of the respondents replied that they began to acknowledge the importance of population education mainly through the participation of some sort of population-education orientend seminars, experienced by 40 percent of college professors and 80 percent of middle/high school teachers. 4) What it calls attention in this study was to find that 96.5 percent of middle/high school teachers and 72 percent of college professors conduct population education to some extent during their lecture hours and that more than 80 percent of them are never experienced in teaching population and family planning contents in their regular classes. It is, on the other hand, found that no more than once was the response of those who believe themselves that they are experienced in teaching these relevant components to their students. Analyzing the contents of the subjects being taught in the class, a large percent of them are found to be consisted of population and family planning contents. According to this study, the current population education through the formal school is quite inactive. Analyzing the facts, 44.9 percent of the college professors responded that the population and family planning components are quite apart from their specialization which eventually generates lack of interest in the field. 5) It is also noticed through the study that the degree of frequency of commenting on population and family planning contents during the classes was depending significantly on their specializations which means that the degree of frequency varies from a major to another. Those who majored in home managerial science was the first one, as compared to others who majored in different specializations. Glancing over the status of correlations between ages of the respondents and numbers of seminar paticipation, it is quite clear that the aged group participated more than the younger group did, and that the most highest number of participations made by college professors were those who are in 50s. In addition, it is also found that those who are aged 20s and 60s of the respondents were the group who comments least on the contents of population and family planning at their classes. The suggestions and recommendation made through this survey research are as follows. 1) No one denies that the rapid increase of population, as compared to the limited size of land and resources, will certainly affect adversly to an enhancement of individual life quality which will, eventually, bring forth the poverty of the nation. This is the reasson why we are insisting that the world population be controlled up to an optimum level with a matter of global concerns. It is our understading that the primary aim for reducing number of population is believed to be attained only by conducting the systematic and comprehensive population education through the formal schools. Therefore, the role of home economists in the field of population/family planning education is considered very importment due to the fact that an ultimate goal of population education is placed in elevating the quality of family life by having optimum number of children through family planning program. 2) It is quite clear that home economists as teachers of formal school in all level are invited to pay their attention on redefining the ultimate goal of education and that of population education. We also understant that the primary objective of population education is to change the norm and value of the clients by replenishing the students with pertinent knowledge and attitudes on population and its related problems through a sort of education in order to attain the ultimate goal for enhancing the quality of life. There is no exception in the theory of home economics. An altimate goal of home economics is to elevate the general quality of life through an establishment of value existed in daily life. Considering the relations between population education and home economics, it is quite indespensable to bandle population components as an integral part in the field of home economics. We believe, therefore, that the senior home economists positive participation in the effort population control is more needed than it has been. 3) It is also strongly urged that population education should be a part of instructor training course for home economics. In other words, the teacher of home economics should be well aware of population and its problems by teaching interrelationship between population education and home economics, needs, contents and methods of population education during the instructor training courese for home economics. In addition, the senior home economists should be encouraged through positive participation on the short term training by types of domestic and international seminar, workshop, etc. 4) We certainly believe that the population education can not sustain itself without any backing-up of information and findings' of various and comprehensive researches of natural and social sciences. Accordingly, every senior home economist is invited to exert their maximum effort to conduct systematic study with an aim to utilize these findings and information at best in population education in the field of home economics. Therefore, we consider that the development of training material is imminent in order to provide effective and efficient population education through the for training of home economies. It should be noted that these training materials must be carefully designed, tailored and developed to meet the different classes of trainees under the considerations as to whether it is easily adaptable and infusable into the curricula of every field of home economics, and it is acceptable in the degree of difficulty and quality in its contents. 5) It is true that there are many domestic and international research rapers, reports and findings in the field of population education and family planning. However, there is a tendency that the most of research papers are heavily relying on the authors intension and preferences in its expression and publication. Under these circumstances, it is urged that the home economists should aware of the growing need of the technical training in order to keep these available information and research findings reprocessed and redesigned to insure the practical application into the population education in the field of home economics in Korea.