• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.145-152
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• 2012

Since 1966 when James Turrell completed his studies on Art, he has been working on the consistent theme of Art. For the 46 years of time, site contexts, scales, methods of light have been changed and they made Turrell's unique 'project series'. Each series has different spatial, visual-perceptual forms and characteristics from other series. The differences were caused by the given situations, but also Turrell intentionally pursued it. However, there are essential theme of art that has not changed in most of Turrell's projects. Target of this paper is to study the unchanged theme as well as the differences. The study starts with three questions: first, what is the geometrical space composition?, second, what is the visual-perceptual phenomenon?, third, what is the hidden consistent theme? This research focuses on three case projects: Wedgework, Space Division Constructions, Skyspaces. These project series are in between the early small object-like installations and the late mega-scale outdoor projects. The study found that geometrical space composition has important role to give visual-perceptual dynamism to the viewer. The phenomenological perception is connected to the questions of relationship between human and space, ultimately human and the world. Although the Merleau-Ponty's philosophy has been related to the work of Turrell in various previous studies, Cartesian 3-dimensional geometry has also crucial role to experiment a viewer's perceptual boundaries. Image of infinity is another aspect of three cases, especially Space Division Constructions and Skyspaces. Through these structure, Turrell's work lead to an ultimate question of meaning for human existence in infinite space. It is hoped that this paper is helpful for Architecture and Interior design field in which light and space are essential.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the change and to compare to the difference of 'selective elements' and 'space-memory' focusing on the theory, 'selective attention' through the survey results. In this study, In this study, the lighting is considered a important factor in the change of 'selective elements'. this survey is to find the selective elements of participants and to measure the spatial sensitivity of respondents through 'self- test'. The analysis in this study is conducted by descriptive statistics, t-test and one way ANOVA by SPSS program 22. The results of this study are as following; Firstly, 'attention-element' could be classified with 4 types, 'shape', 'material', 'contrast' and 'combination'. 'shape' could divide into 'structure' and' furniture and object'. In case of 'material', it could section with 'pattern' and 'color'. Secondly, through the results of study, 'attention-element' is different each space during the day in detail. But we could know that 'shape' is the important element of the 'attention-elements' during the day through comparison of this result. That means users consider this as a important factor when they evaluate the space. Therefore, it is effective way designers to consider 'shape' as the first element when they want to conduct the special sensitivity of users in the space through planning. On the other hand, what selective elements of users are different by the lighting situation should be acknowledged by designers. And they should think the kinds of selective elements are more various when lighting turns on than turns off.. Thirdly, through the results such as the meaningful difference of space-memory of users according to the change of 'attention-elements', designers should judge about which kind of feeling of users to the space do you want lead in the design process. For the effective feedback between spaces and users to induce the same emotion of users, designers need to consider the unified design and the individual design both. Also, we will regard the differences in the users' emotion to the space according to the lighting situation when we design the space.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.53-60
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• 2009

The vision-based driver fatigue detection is one of the most prospective commercial applications of facial expression recognition technology. The facial feature tracking is the primary technique issue in it. Current facial tracking technology faces three challenges: (1) detection failure of some or all of features due to a variety of lighting conditions and head motions; (2) multiple and non-rigid object tracking; and (3) features occlusion when the head is in oblique angles. In this paper, we propose a new active approach. First, the active IR sensor is used to robustly detect pupils under variable lighting conditions. The detected pupils are then used to predict the head motion. Furthermore, face movement is assumed to be locally smooth so that a facial feature can be tracked with a Kalman filter. The simultaneous use of the pupil constraint and the Kalman filtering greatly increases the prediction accuracy for each feature position. Feature detection is accomplished in the Gabor space with respect to the vicinity of predicted location. Local graphs consisting of identified features are extracted and used to capture the spatial relationship among detected features. Finally, a graph-based reliability propagation is proposed to tackle the occlusion problem and verify the tracking results. The experimental results show validity of our active approach to real-life facial tracking under variable lighting conditions, head orientations, and facial expressions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2004

In the city of Asia like Seoul and Tokyo, aggregate power is poured into the city making which is suitable in new age. Large-scale re-development is active in various places as the present condition, As for the various East Asian cities, high-level utilization conversion of the land and high conversion of the building are advanced. As for these realities, the re-development is advanced in the situation that has not been clarified enough though it is true that green of the city has decreased. This research was aimed at the clarifying the allocation of greenery when proceeding with town planning projects by quantifying the possibility of allocating greenery in the form of rooftop landscaping in redeveloped areas. Moreover, the distribution of the green in the re-development region was calculated and the coexistence level of green space was calculated, The realities of a desirable green were clarified in the spectacle by understanding a sight and spatial continuousness in the green. In order to clarify the potentiality of roof greenery revaluating, the research was conducted by analyzing from aerial photographs, in Tokyo and Seoul, And the flow of the research was conducted by selection of research object area, taking pictures, acquisition of the aerial photography, rearrangement the data and the analysis. As a result, I was able to prepare a land vegetation coverage classification chart and obtain data pertaining to the level of urban and green tract of land for the researched cities of Tokyo and Seoul. By analyzing this data, we were able to indicate patterns of greenery unable to be obtained through data from ratio of vegetation coverage and ascertain the effectiveness of rooftop landscaping.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.603-607
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• 2004

The vision-based driver fatigue detection is one of the most prospective commercial applications of facial expression recognition technology. The facial feature tracking is the primary technique issue in it. Current facial tracking technology faces three challenges: (1) detection failure of some or all of features due to a variety of lighting conditions and head motions; (2) multiple and non-rigid object tracking and (3) features occlusion when the head is in oblique angles. In this paper, we propose a new active approach. First, the active IR sensor is used to robustly detect pupils under variable lighting conditions. The detected pupils are then used to predict the head motion. Furthermore, face movement is assumed to be locally smooth so that a facial feature can be tracked with a Kalman filter. The simultaneous use of the pupil constraint and the Kalman filtering greatly increases the prediction accuracy for each feature position. Feature detection is accomplished in the Gabor space with respect to the vicinity of predicted location. Local graphs consisting of identified features are extracted and used to capture the spatial relationship among detected features. Finally, a graph-based reliability propagation is proposed to tackle the occlusion problem and verify the tracking results. The experimental results show validity of our active approach to real-life facial tracking under variable lighting conditions, head orientations, and facial expressions.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.206-215
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to establish the optimal system operating strategies for nitrogen and phosphorus removal through model simulation system built for advanced wastewater treatment targeting on simultaneous temporal/special phase isolation BNR process. The simulation system was built with unit process modules using object modules in GPS-X code. The system was well verified by field experiment data. Simulation study was carried out to investigate performance response to design and operation parameters, i.e. hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids retention time (SRT), and cycle time. The process operated at HRTs of 10~15 hours, longer SRTs, and cycle time of 2 hours showed optimal removal of nitrogen. The HRTs of 10~15 hours, SRTs of 20~25 days, and longer cycle time was optimal for phosphorus removal. Both simulation and field studies showed that optimal operating strategies satisfying both the best nitrogen and phosphorus removals include HRTs ranged 10~15 hours, SRTs ranged 20~25 days, and cycle times of 4~8 hours. The simulation system with modularization of generalized components in BNR processes was, therefore, believed to be a powerful tool for establishing optimal strategies of advanced wastewater treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4133-4137
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• 2011

Reliable Multi-Reader RFID identification is one of issues in Multi-Reader RFID realization program in recent. And the Multi-Reader RFID reader has difficulty to obtain reliable data in data capture layer. The reason is that unreliable readings such as a false positive reading and a false negative reading and missed readings can happen by reader collision problems, noise, or the mobility of tagged objects. We introduce performance metrics to solve these reader problems. We propose three solutions the Minimum Overlapped Read Zone (MORZ) with Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the Spatial-Temporal Division Access (STDA) method, and double bigger size of tags attached on the object. To show the improvement of the proposed methods, we calculate tag's successful read rates in a smart office, which consists of Multi-Reader RFID systems.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 2002

In this paper, we have studied the images which have been reconstructed by using combination of images acquired by the variation of operating frequency. When inner images have been reconstructed, they have been superposed by the surface state effect. In this case, the images of the phase object can be enhanced by the contrast of inner images. In this experiment, there are two kinds of specimens, one is a reference block haying 1/4T, 1/2T, 3/4T side drilled holes as main run piping material 111 the steam generator in NPP(Neuclear Power Plant)s and the another is a part of a hemisphere type specimen having about 1-2㎜ distance gap. It has been shown that the two results of defect shapes have better than before in this processing and phase contrast grow about twice. And we have constructed the acoustic microscope by using a quadrature detector that enables to acquire the amplitude and phase of the reflected signal simultaneously Further more ore have studied the reconstruction method of the amplitude and phase images and the enhancement method of the defect images contrast.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.173-186
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• 2013

Web-based map services provide various geographic information that users want to get by continuous updating of data. Those map services provide different information for a geographic object respectively. It causes several problems, and most of all various information cannot be integrated and provided. To resolve the problem, this paper proposes a system which can integrate diverse geographic information and provide users rich geographic information. In this paper, a hybrid schema matching (HSM) algorithm is proposed and the algorithm is a mixture of the adapter-based semantic processing method, static semantic management-based approach, and dynamic semantic management-based approach. A comparative evaluation is described to show effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm in this paper improves the accuracy of schema matching because of registration and management of schemas of new semantic information. The proposal enables vocabulary-based schema matching using various schemas, and it thus also supports high usability. Finally, the proposed algorithm is cost-effective by providing the progressive extension of relationships between schema meanings.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.11D no.4
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• pp.835-844
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• 2004

Recently, the location-based service for moving customers is becoming one of the most important service in mobile communication area. For moving object applications, there are lots of update operations and such update loads are concentrated on some particular area unevenly. Range queries, whose range can be window or circular, are the most essential query types in LBS. We need to distinguish completely contained cells from partially contained cells in those range queries. Also, it is necessary to consider temporal dimension to filter out qualifying objects correctly. In this paper, we adopt two-level index structures with fixed grid file structures in the second level, which are designed to minimize update operations. We propose a spatial ceil filtering method using VP filtering and a combined spatio-temporal filtering method using time gone concepts. Some experimental results are shown for various window queries and circular queries with different filtering combinations to show the performance tradeoffs of the proposed methods.