• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.447-465
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the sustainability in 45 cities of all over Gyeongnam and Gyeongbuk using weights and assessment system developed in leading research. The materials of assessment used statistical data and spatial data were standardized for the systematic result. The assessment score was established using the normal distribution from 25 to 125 for removal of the very smallest and maximum value. According to the results, Tongyeong was assessed the highest by 82.5 score in environmental sustainability index. In economical sustainability index, Pohang, Gumi, Changwon, Yangsan were more than 79 score but Busan, Daegu, Andong were less than 70 score. Ulsan, Geoje, Yangsan were assessed higher in society-institutional sustainability index and Jinju, Munkyeong, Changnyeong were showed higher than other cities by more 79 score in quality of life(QOL)'s sustainability index. In case of integrated sustainability index, Jinju that was the highest sustainability in QOL was assessed by first city. However, Ulsan was assessed the lowest city among others. Therefore cities which have high sustainability will prepare a politic investment program for maintaining current conditions. Cities which have low sustainability will grasp closely the environmental characteristics of urban and present the improvement direction through monitoring continuously. Overall, these results can be used as tools to assess the current cities and predict the future one. It is also necessary to establish a systematic urban planning for livable and sustainable city.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.237-248
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• 2008

A thermal index which considers metabolic heat generation of human body is proposed for operational forecasting. The new thermal index, Perceived Temperature (PT), is forecasted using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model and validated. Forecasted PT shows the characteristics of diurnal variation and topographic and latitudinal effect. Statistical skill scores such as correlation, bias, and RMSE are employed for objective verification of PT and input meteorological variables which are used for calculating PT. Verification result indicates that the accuracy of air temperature and wind forecast is higher in the initial forecast time, while relative humidity is improved as the forecast time increases. The forecasted PT during 2007 summer is lower than PT calculated by observation data. The predicted PT has a minimum Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) of $7-8^{\circ}C$ at 9-18 hour forecast. Spatial distribution of PT shows that it is overestimated in western region, while PT in middle-eastern region is underestimated due to strong wind and low temperature forecast. Underestimation of wind speed and overestimation of relative humidity have caused higher PT than observation in southern region. The predicted PT from the mesoscale model gives appropriate information as a thermal index forecast. This study suggests that forecasted PT is applicable to the prediction of health warning based on the relationship between PT and mortality.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.129-152
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• 2008

This paper considers the solution of the stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with random operator and/or random excitation using the spectral SFEM. The random system parameters (involved in the operator) and the random excitations are modeled as second order stochastic processes defined only by their means and covariance functions. All random fields dealt with in this paper are continuous and do not have known explicit forms dependent on the spatial dimension. This fact makes the usage of the finite element (FE) analysis be difficult. Relying on the spectral properties of the covariance function, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion is used to represent these processes to overcome this difficulty. Then, a spectral approximation for the stochastic response (solution) of the SDE is obtained based on the implementation of the concept of generalized inverse defined by the Neumann expansion. This leads to an explicit expression for the solution process as a multivariate polynomial functional of a set of uncorrelated random variables that enables us to compute the statistical moments of the solution vector. To check the validity of this method, two applications are introduced which are, randomly loaded simply supported reinforced concrete beam and reinforced concrete cantilever beam with random bending rigidity. Finally, a more general application, randomly loaded simply supported reinforced concrete beam with random bending rigidity, is presented to illustrate the method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.501-510
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• 2011

In this study, water pollution sources of 14 major tributaries of Han river and characteristics of water quality for each target streams were evaluated based on water quality data in 2007.1-2009.12 (14 data sets) using a statistical package, SPSS-17.0. Cluster analysis over time and space for each stream resulted in 4 groups for the spatial variations in which type and density of pollution sources in the basins showed the greatest impact on grouping. Moreover, cluster analysis for the time variation in which rainfall, temperature and eutrophication were shown to contribute to the clustering, produced 2 groups, from summer to fall (July-Oct.) and from winter to early summer (Nov.-June). Four factors were found as responsible for the data structure explaining 71-90% of the total variance of the data set depending on the streams and they were organic matter, nutrients, bacterial contamination. Factor analysis showed main factors (water pollutants) changed according to the season with different pattern for each stream. This study demonstrated that water quality of each stream could produce useful outcomes when factor and pollution source of basin were evaluated together.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.19-29
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• 2007

This study compares various ground-truth designs of radar rainfall using rain-gauge data sets from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), AWS and Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT). These Rain-gauge data sets and the Mt. Gwanak radar rainfall data for the same period were compared, and then the differences between two observed rainfall were evaluated with respect to the amount of bias. Additionally this study investigated possible differences in bias due to different storm characteristics. The application results showed no distinct differences between biases from three rain-gauge data sets, but some differences in their statistical characteristics. In overall, the design bias from MOCT was estimated to be the smallest among the three rain-gauge data sets. Among three storm events considered, the jangma with the highest spatial intermittency showed the smallest bias.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2012

Polychaete community structure and its spatial distribution was investigated in 2008 from inshore and offshore of Lake Shihwa, Korea, in order to evaluate status of the benthic environment according to construction of the dike and the water gate. In the present study, the number of species, density, and diversity of polychaete community in inshore was significantly different from those in offshore. The density of polychaete community in offshore increased with the number of species whereas the diversity in inshore increased with the number of species. Dominant species in offshore were 13 species, higher than 1% of the total polychaete individuals. Heteromastus filiformis, known as the most dominant species before the construction of the dike, was the most dominant species in offshore, which collectively account for 54% of the total polychaete individuals. In inshore, the seven species were dominant, higher than 1% of the total individuals. Lumbrineris longifolia, Polydora sp., Capitella capitata, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata, known as pollution tolerant species, contributed to higher than 75% of the total individuals in inshore. Multivariate statistical analyses, non-metric multidimensional scaling, showed apparent difference in polychaete community structure between inshore and offshore, and also difference between inner sites and outer sites of inshore around the water gate. Sediment characteristics (total organic carbon and nitrogen, ignition loss, and acid volatile sulfide) measured in this study also supported to this result. Therefore, this indicates that the offshore provides better benthic environments for polychaete habitation than the inshore, and the inshore around the water gate shows improving benthic environment, compared to the inner inshore.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-39
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• 2020

Urban heat island (UHI) is one of the most important climatic implications of urbanization and thus a matter of key concern for environmentalists of the world in the twenty-first century. The relationship between climate and urbanization has been better understood with the introduction of thermal remote sensing. So, this study is an attempt to understand the influence of urbanization on local temperature for a small developing city. The study focuses on the investigation of intensity of atmospheric and surface urban heat island for a small urbanizing district of Punjab, India. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite data and field observations were used to examine the spatial pattern of surface and atmospheric UHI effect respectively, for the month of April, 2018. The satellite data has been used to cover the larger geographical area while field observations were taken for simultaneous and daily temperature measurements for different land use types. The significant influence of land use/land cover (LULC) patterns on UHI effect was analyzed using normalized built-up and vegetation indices (NDBI, NDVI) that were derived from remote sensing satellite data. The statistical analysis carried out for land surface temperature (LST) and LULC indicators displayed negative correlation for LST and NDVI while NDBI and LST exhibited positive correlation depicting attenuation in UHI effect by abundant vegetation. The comparison of remote sensing and in-situ observations were also carried out in the study. The research concluded in finding both nocturnal and daytime UHI effect based on diurnal air temperature observations. The study recommends the urgent need to explore and impose effective UHI mitigation measures for the sustainable urban growth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.53-62
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• 2009

The EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code), a numerical model for simulating three-dimensional (3D) flow, transport, and biogeochemical processes in surface water systems including rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries, was applied to assess the effect of sea water and fresh water exchange rates ($Q_e$) on the mixing characteristics of a conservative pollutant (tracer) induced from upstreams and salinity in Saemangeum Lake, Korea. The lake has been closed by a 33 km estuary embankment since last April of 2006, and now seawater enters the lake partially through two sluice gates (Sinsi and Garyuk), which is driving the changes of hydrodynamic and water quality properties of the lake. The EFDC was constructed and calibrated with surveyed bathymetry data and field data including water level, temperature, and salinity in 2008. The model showed good agreement with the field data and adequately replicated the spatial and temporal variations of the variables. The validated model was applied to simulated the tracer and salinity with two different gate operation scenarios: RUN-1 and RUN-2. RUN-1 is the case of real operation condition ($Q_e=25,000,000\;m^3$) of 2008, while RUN-2 assumed full open of Sinsi gate to increase $Q_e$ by $120,000,000\;m^3$. Statistical analysis of the simulation results indicate that mixing characteristics of pollutants from upstream can be significantly affected by the amount of $Q_e$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.10 no.2 s.20
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• pp.19-27
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• 2002

The goal of this research is to develop the method of facility management which is used to manage the facility efficiently by using existing analyses of a system and a operation, and establish the method of a facility administration by applying AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) model. Because the standard of a accuracy in spacial analysis and calculation is a unclear, the exact analysis of a geographic data for a decision-making needs statistical analysis and administrator-centered type of system didn't satisfy the desire of users. There must be the existing general statistics module, integrated internet GIS and the composition of interface in order to structure a spacial statistics analysis methods that satisfy the matters desired in internet GIS into the spacial analysis function. This paper presents the need of internet GIS and AHP Model in supporting and managing function of all facilities in campus and introduce the possibility of applying.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.856-868
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• 2007

We propose an effective method for block classification in a document image. The gray level document image is converted to the binary image for a block segmentation. This binary image would be smoothed to find the locations and sizes of each block. And especially during this smoothing, the inner block heights of each block are obtained. The gray level image is divided to several blocks by these location informations. The SGLDM(spatial gray level dependence matrices) are made using the each gray-level document block and the seven second-order statistical texture features are extracted from the (0,1) direction's SGLDM which include the document attributes. Document image blocks are classified to two groups, text and non-text group, by the inner block height of the block at the nearest neighbor rule. The seven texture features(that were extracted from the SGLDM) are used for the five detail categories of small font, large font, table, graphic and photo blocks. These document blocks are available not only for structure analysis of document recognition but also the various applied area.