• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.93-116
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• 1999

Recently the concept of learning has become very fashionable among academics from different economic disciplines. Economic geographers and spatial planners joined this fashion by increasingly speaking about the 'learning region'. This paper makes clear that this learning region'. This paper makes clear that this learning region concept has been launched from three angles; as spatial outcome of grand societal changes, as spatial concentration of entrepreneurial learning for innovation and as regional development concept. Despite the deficits and flaws such a young concept is faced with, such as vague definitions, the lack of empirical research and an insufficiently clear separation from existing concepts, the learning region concept might provide economic geography with more insight in agglomeration effects, stronger links with policy-making and more knowledge on path dependency and thus on unravelling the distinction between 'good' and 'bad' industrial agglomerations.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.42 no.2 s.119
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• pp.177-195
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• 2007

The central aim of this paper is to identify the distributional pattern of poverty and to investigate the spatial relationship between poverty and welfare service providers in Busan, Korea. It is intended to explain how the relationship of service-dependency between impoverished people and social welfare services leads to uneven social geography. Welfare services controlled by public or private agencies may support the impoverished people in different ways, generating social outcomes. By exploiting the spatial variations in the incidence of poverty and the provisions of social welfare services, this paper is to understand the dynamics of the geography of poverty from a local scale so that it can help us understand how various governmental and nongovernmental area-based service providers are spatially uneven when they are compared to the distribution of service dependency group such as impoverished people. From this research, it is finally argued that the implications of locational interdependence between such needed groups and social welfare services for their support demand a paradigm for urban social geography that centers on the changing welfare provision structure and the linkages between population and service-provision.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.11 no.3 s.28
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• pp.59-67
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• 2005

According to diverse studies in population migration, there has been a strong age-dependent population distribution in Korea. It is shown that a particular age-group tends to reside in a particular locale or community and the effect possesses usually statistical significance. We quantitatively address this issue: how certain division of age group resides in different region of the country, and investigate possible cause of this migration pattern for different age groups. In this study, population migration trend at age groups of 20s, 30s, 40s and 50s has been analyzed incorporating a spatial econometrics model that accounts for diverse statistical pitfalls such as spatial autocorrelation and spatial dependency. We found that migration trend for different age group corresponds to regional characteristics differently. The study concludes with some policy implications and suggests a need of further study.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.362-369
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• 2008

There is developing interest in precision agriculture in Korea, despite the fact that typical Korean fields are less than 1 ha in size. Describing within-field variability in typical Korean production settings is a fundamental first step toward determining the size of management zones and the inter-relationships between limiting factors, for establishment of site-specific management strategies. Measurements of rice (Oriza Sativa L) yield, chlorophyll content, and soil properties were obtained in a small (100-m by 30-m) Korean rice paddy field. Yield data were manually collected on 10-m by 5-m grids (180 samples with 3 samples in each of 60 grid cells) and chlorophyll content was measured using a Minolta SPAD 502 in 2-m by 2-m grids. Soil samples were collected at 275 points to compare results from sampling at different scales. Ten soil properties important for rice production in Korea were determined through laboratory analyses. Variogram analysis and point kriging with and without median polishing were conducted to determine the variability of the measured parameters. Influence of variogram model selection and other parameters on the interpretation of the data was investigated. For many of the data, maximum values were greater than double the minimum values, indicating considerable spatial variability in the small paddy field, and large-scale spatial trends were present. When variograms were fit to the original data, the limits of spatial dependency for rice yield and SP AD reading were 11.5 m and 6.5 m, respectively, and after detrending the limits were reduced to 7.4 m and 3.9 m. The range of spatial dependency for soil properties was variable, with several having ranges as short as 2 m and others having ranges greater than 30 m. Kriged maps of the variables clearly showed the presence of both large-scale (trend) variability and small-scale variability in this small field where it would be reasonable to expect uniformity. These findings indicate the potential for applying the principles and technology of precision agriculture for Korean paddy fields. Additional research is needed to confirm the results with data from other fields and crops.d similar tendency with the result for the frequency less than 20 Hz, but the width of change was reduced highly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-144
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the astronomical thinking level of elementary, middle, and high school students using ordered multiple choice items. For this purpose, we constructed a questionnaire comprising three items about spatial thinking and system thinking. This survey was conducted and applied to 1,066 students in the 5th grade, 8th grade, and 11th grade in 12 schools located in Gangwon Province. The collected student response data were analyzed by applying inferential statistics of classical test theory and Rasch model. The results of the analysis were as follows; First, in the level of spatial thinking, students were able to grasp the spatial location and orientation of the celestial body, but were not able to convert the celestial motion of two-dimensional plane into three-dimensional plane, and it was revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in the spatial thinking of students among grade levels. Second, in the level of system thinking, students were able to identify the components and relationship between components of the celestial motion system, but could not identify the patterns of the system, and it was revealed that there was statistically significant difference among the system thinking of students in different grade levels, unlike in spatial thinking. Third, the astronomical thinking expressed in certain context (content) was very similar regardless of grade level, Through this, we could confirm the context-dependency or content-dependency of the astronomical thinking of students. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for exploring ways to enhance astronomical thinking level in school science classes.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2019

This research measured and visualized the spatial dependency and the spatial heterogeneity of the small business in Cheonan-si, Asan-si with $100m{\times}100m$ grids based on global and local spatial autocorrelation. First, we confirmed positive spatial autocorrelation of small business in the research area using Moran's I Index, which is ESDA(Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis). And then, through Getis-Ord $GI{\ast}$, one kind of LISA(Local Indicators of Spatial Association), local patterns of spatial autocorrelation were visualized. These verified that Spatial Regression Model is valid for the location factor analysis on small business commercial buildings. Next, GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression) was used to analyze the spatial relations between the distribution of small business, hourly mobile traffic-based floating population, land use attributes index, residence, commercial building, road networks, and the node of traffic networks. Final six variables were applied and the accessibility to bus stops, afternoon time floating population, and evening time floating population were excluded due to multicollinearity. By this, we demonstrated that GWR is statistically improved compared to OLS. We visualized the spatial influence of the individual variables using the regression coefficients and local coefficients of determinant of the six variables. This research applied the measured population information in a practical way. Reflecting the dynamic information of the urban people using the commercial area. It is different from other studies that performed commercial analysis. Finally, this research has a differentiated advantage over the existing commercial area analysis in that it employed hourly changing commercial service population data and it applied spatial statistical models to micro spatial units. This research proposed new framework for the commercial analysis area analysis.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.351-354
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• 2005

NASA's remote sensing market analysis and forecast projects 3.3 billion dollars in 2005. On the other hand, a market research firm expected that world commercial remote sensing imagery, GIS software, Data, and value-added services will generate 8.3 billion dollar in 2007. It has been widely believed that geo-spatial information and service market is growing rapidly and has a huge potential, but it is not clearly understood where it is now and will be heading in the future. Also, it could be a significant question to answer where the industry in Korea fits the best in the world business trends and where it should be strategically heading to take a large market share. Furthermore, if it could be worth being considered as a Korean strategic industry for the future. Instead of pursuing direct answers to the questions, the author will start reviewing general business practices, major business transactions such as merging and acquisitions (M&A's) and initial public offerings (IPO's), and research on market capitalization and revenue of major companies. Throughout the study, a list of common grounds in the market was uncovered and realized as follows: (1) value-added data matters in geo-spatial information and service market; (2) private sector grows faster; (3) characteristics of multi-national industry; and (4) Dependency on major industry. Based on the findings, the author presents a list of recommendations as conclusions.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.146-168
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• 1995

problems involved in defining and identifying it. However, data on ownership of business establishments may be useful and one of the best alternatives for this empirical research because of use of limited information about control This study examines the spatial patterns of external control in the Korean manufacturing activities between 1986 and 1992. Using the data on ownership iinkages of multilocational firms between 15 administrative areas, it was possible to construct a matrix of organizational control in terms of the number of establishments. The control matrix was disaggregated by three types of manufacturing industries according to the capital and labor requirements of production processes used in. On the basis of the disaggregated control matrix, a series of measures were calculated for investigating the magnitude and direction of control as well as the external dependency. In the past decades Korean industrialization development has risen at a rapid pace, deepening integration into the world economy, together with the continuing growth of the large industrial firms. The expanded scale of large firms led to a spatial separation of production from control, Increasing branch plants in the nation. But recent important changes have occurred in the spatial organization of production by technological development, increasing international competition, and changing local labor markets. These changes have forced firms to reorganize their production structures, resulting in changes of the organizational structures in certain industries and regions. In this context the empirical analysis revealed the following principal trends. In general term, the geography of corporate control in Korea is marked by a twofold pattern of concentration and dispersion. The dominance of Seoul as a major command and control center has been evident over the period, though its overall share of allexternally controlled establishments has decreased from 88% to 79%. And the substantial amount of external control from Seoul has concentrated to the Kyongki and Southeast regions which are well-developed industrial areas. But Seoul's corporate ownership links tend to streteh across the country to the less-developed regions, most of which have shown a significant increase of external dependency during the period 1986-1992. At the same time, a geographic dispersion of corporate control is taking place as Kyongki province and Pusan are developing as new increasingly important command and control reaions. Though these two resions contain a number of branch plants controlled from other locations, they may be increasingly attractive as a headquarters location with increasing locally owned establishments. The geographical patterns of external control observable in each of three types of manufacturing industries were examined in order to distinguish the changing spatial structures of organizational control with respect to the characteristics of the production processes. Labor intensive manufacturing with unskilled iabor experienced the strongest external pressure from foreign competition and a lack of low cost labor. The high pressure expected not only to disinte-grate the production process but also led to location of production facilities in areas of cheap labor. The linkages of control between Seoul and the less-developed regions have slightly increased, while the external dependency of the industrialized regions might be reduced from the tendency of organizational disintegration. Capita1 intensive manufacturing operates under high entry and exit barriers due to capital intensity. The need to increase scale economies ied to an even stronger economic and spatial oncentration of control. The strong geographical oncentration of control might be influenced by orporate and organizational scale economies rather than by locational advantages. Other sectors experience with respect to branch plants of multilocational firms. The policy implications of the increase of external dependency in less-developed regions may be negative because of the very share of unskilled workers and lack of autonomy in decision making. The strong growth of the national economy and a scarcity of labor in core areas have been important factors in this regional decentralization of industries to less-developed regions. But the rather gloomy prospects of the economic growth in the near future could prevent the further industrialization of less-developed areas. A major rethinking of regional policy would have to take place towards a need for a regional policy actively favoring indigenous establishments.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.50-58
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• 2003

We have developed a locally variable time-step scheme matching with discontinuous grids in the flute-difference method for the efficient simulation of seismic wave propagation. The first-order velocity-stress formulations are used to obtain the spatial derivatives using finite-difference operators on a staggered grid. A three-times coarser grid in the high-velocity region compared with the grid in the low-velocity region is used to avoid spatial oversampling. Temporal steps corresponding to the spatial sampling ratio between both regions are determined based on proper stability criteria. The wavefield in the margin of the region with smaller time-step are linearly interpolated in time using the values calculated in the region with larger one. The accuracy of the proposed scheme is tested through comparisons with analytic solutions and conventional finite-difference scheme with constant grid spacing and time step. The use of the locally variable time-step scheme with discontinuous grids results in remarkable saving of the computation time and memory requirement with dependency of the efficiency on the simulation model. This implies that ground motion for a realistic velocity structures including near-surface sediments can be modeled to high frequency (several Hz) without requiring severe computer memory

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.351-363
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• 2022

Purpose: The objective of this research is to find manufacturing employment clusters of the disaster safety sector in South Korea. Method: The LISA(Local Indicator of Spatial Association) analysis method is applied to the employment data of 229 local governments categorized by the 2019 Korean Standard Industry Classification and Disaster Safety Industry Special Classification. The LISA method identifies the spatial dependency of employment and the spatial cluster of industries. Result: Three research findings are summarized. First, employment of the disaster safety industry in South Korea occupies about six percent of the total manufacturing industry. The annual proportion is in increasing trend. Second, the employment cluster of the disaster safety industry is located in the western side of the Seoul metropolitan region. Third, manufacturing businesses of industrial safety goods preventing industrial accidents are concentrated in regions of Busan, Ulsan, Changwon, Gyeongnam, and Gimhae, where heavy and chemical industries and industrial complexes are formed. Conclusion: Investment and promotion policies are suggested to the manufacturing employment clusters of the disaster safety industry for fostering these regions. Research results can be used to the better policies for industrial development and employment improvement of manufacturing clusters of the disaster safety industry in South Korea.