• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.21-30
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• 2009

A point of view has been diversified where it has been put. We are living in the era that requests many standpoints to us to understand relations involved with me and my surrounding and it will speed up as the aspect has been changed so far. This phase is not exceptional to the design. Various spaces engaged in us have an immaterial phenomenon as composed by, so it is conceptualized to try the other way differentiated before. On the other hand, we can often meet examples of a literature scenario through conceptualizing an immaterial phenomenon as organized. Because of the difference between an individual's value and environment, it is criticized because of limitation to probe right and wrong of the objective feasibility. However, it is requested that this method needs to have an organized grammar in the interconnection broken of the standard of right and wrong in the science as well as goodness, evil and beauty in the morality. Nowadays a montage, which means the way to create objective by combining different points, is more multifariously applied in the generation of mixture asking various meanings and signifier and it's been widely extended. This study intends to pursue a new methodical approach focused on a characteristic of the montage and puts the goal on deduction for an expressive way of a montage specificity practically indicated at the shopping space through the space translation of the montage conception as well as plot of a movie. In conclusion, this study is how to be expressed of the montage expression method to understand.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.91-99
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• 2010

There is a commonality between Frank Lloyd Wright and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in that they created the new patterns of geometric Art Nouveau from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This study compares the furniture of Wright and Mackintosh who had significant impacts on the development of modern design for each of the periods divided by their design feature to find the individualities and similarities of their design. It is an analytical approach with an accurate understanding of the design trends of the Art Nouveau era. The results of the furniture comparison are as follows: The finding is that Wright and Mackintosh designed creative furniture in harmony with a specific indoor space, Organic design was well expressed through the selection and use of wooden materials, Based on the understanding of tree characteristics, they did not use detailed decorations, but designed the simple and rigorous forms of furniture with highlighted interest in geometry. As for shape, Wright's furniture in his early days tend to be look largely formal and heavy. Since his debut in Japan in 1905, the furniture design became very sophisticated. On the other hand, Mackintosh's chairs are characterized by plenty of geometric patterns and long back. In many cases, his chairs were designed as part of formative elements in space, not for the purpose of furniture itself. As for materials and colors, Wright used mainly cherry wood. And he also utilized metals colored in olive green, red-brown and others for office furniture. The frames, fabrics and leather used for most of the furniture have natural colors, which are harmonious with spaces. Meantime, Mackintosh used primarily oak and ash trees. He used seat cushions and various colors to make the design of furniture have a sophisticated and simple image. The materials used for seat panel are horsehair, rush, silk and leather. He applied these materials to the furniture by weaving or cutting them.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2001

This Study shows local characters, meaning, value and others (kind, function, material, shape, name) on Shroud through documents and fact-finding survey. In Shroud′s kind and function, Shroud of Kwangju Area is similar with one of Youngsan-river Area, while Sumjin-river Area and Coastal Area, each has its own character due to difference of Burial Culture. In Shroud′s Material, hemp cloth, white cotton cloth and calico, have been well-used in Kwangju and Youngsan-river Area, while silk has used in Sumjin-river and Coastal Area. Shroud′s color has followed Natural color. In Shroud′s shape, Male Jeoksam, Female Trousers, Um, Myokmok, Aksoo, Bib have their local characters. They are reformed in Kwangju Area and Youngsan-river Area. Jeoksam in Coastal Area, Female Trousers in Sumjin-river Area. Um in Coastal Area and Myokmok in Sumjin-river Area, have its unique character. In Shroud′s name, Shroud has widely been called "Dead Clothes", and called "Blind Clothes", "Munnyung Clothes" some areas. In Sumjin-river Area, Summer Jacket has been failed "Deungjigae", Dango called "Ddangjungwee". In Coastal Area, Myokmok and Aksoo have been called "Face Cover" and "Hands Cover", Shroud′s local characters have been caused by Next World, which has reflected local natural environment and cultural features. Next World is so abstract that it can not be expressed well, while Reality is clearly divided into dual spaces : Real World, Next World. Comprehension on Next World, helps harmonize recent values with Shroud meaning and prevents Shroud from standardization and transformation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 2013

Exhibition space emphasizes the experience in the space rather than viewing or appreciation of visitors. Because the experience spaces in today's life are limited, people experience rest, comfort, and sometimes extraordinary space experience through exhibition space. Exhibition space has changed from a static place to a space where visitors move and act with the exhibits to freely feel the space. Also, the static space expressed only with illumination and shadow becomes a new space different from daily space for users. This study analyzes the characteristics of phenomenological expression through such user-oriented exhibition space. This study is to analyze the characteristics of phenomenology through the exhibition experience space structure. It is to analyze and study on the characteristics of phenomenological expression of the exhibition experience space structure centered in the opinion of Merlo-Ponti that considers the experience of body among 'characteristics' discussed based on the study of the phenomenological experience published up to date and the viewpoint of Steven Hall that sees light as a subject of creating the space. This study is also considers how the perception of the experiencer is built in the correlation between the phenomenology and exhibition experience space by studying the relationship of the experiencer that is the common point of the exhibition experience space structure and the characteristics of phenomenological expression and analyzing the common point and difference of them. It also focuses on the space of dark whether forming any light rather than looking at the light which is the sense factor among the characteristics of phenomenological expressions. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the case on whether there is any light or not applied to the exhibition experience space grounded by the theoretical materials of Merlo-Ponti and Steven Hall based on the characteristics of phenomenological expressions in the exhibition experience space structure and, based on the result, to set up the basics on the characteristics of phenomenological expressions in the composition of exhibition experience space.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 2012

Occupant footfalls are often the most critical source of floor vibration on upper floors of buildings. Floor motions can degrade the performance of imaging equipment, disrupt sensitive research equipment, and cause discomfort for the occupants. It is essential that low-vibration environments be provided for functionality of sensitive spaces on floors above grade. This requires a sufficiently stiff and massive floor structure that effectively resists the forces exerted from user traffic. Over the past 25 years, generic vibration limits have been developed, which provide frequency dependent sensitivities for wide classes of equipment, and are used extensively in lab design for healthcare and research facilities. The same basis for these curves can be used to quantify acceptable limits of vibration for human comfort, depending on the intended occupancy of the space. When available, manufacturer's vibration criteria for sensitive equipment are expressed in units of acceleration, velocity or displacement and can be specified as zero-to-peak, peak-to-peak, or root-mean-square (rms) with varying frequency ranges and resolutions. Several approaches to prediction of floor vibrations are currently applied in practice. Each method is traceable to fundamental structural dynamics, differing only in the level of complexity assumed for the system response, and the required information for use as model inputs. Three commonly used models are described, as well as key features they possess that make them attractive to use for various applications. A case study is presented of a tall building which has fitness areas on two of the upper floors. The analysis predicted that the motions experienced would be within the given criteria, but showed that if the floor had been more flexible, the potential exists for a locked-in resonance response which could have been felt over large portions of the building.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 2008

Based on the result of extraction of common factors executed in order to elucidate the visual attributes of street scenery by types through the rotation of 23 adjective variables by Varimax, the visual attributes expressed after the construction of the facilities using street scenery were anylized to be 4 factors including factor 1 through factor 4. Theexplanation of the 4 factor groups to explain the entire distribution was 65.3% and these factor groups are the psychological attributes felt when using facilities are constructed by securing the street spaces in downtowns and the factors were named as naturalness(factor 1), locality(factor 2), identity(factor 3) and clarity(factor 4) respectively. Based on the result of one-way layout distribution analysis, the preferences for street scenery by types were found out to show considerable differences at 1 % significance level. Based on the result of multiple regression analysis, all of the factors explaining preferences including factor 1 through factor 4 were significant at 1 % significance level. In case other conditions are constant, if the values of the adjective variables related to locality(factor 2) increase by 1 unit, the preferences which are the values of dependent variables will increase by 0.709. The variable with the largest relative contribution among the 4 factor groups was the locality(factor 2) factor group and on the contrary, it was found that the independent variable with least influences was the clarity(factor 4) factor group.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 1990

A field experiment was conducted to study both the distribution characteristics of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the soybean canopy and their relationships with dry matter production. The soybean cultivars 'Hwanggeumkong' and 'Paldalkong' were sown with the spaces of 60$\times$15cm and 30$\times$15cm at Suwon on May 20 and on June 20 in 1989. The ratio of PAR to the total shortwave radiation was estimated by the empirical equation derived from sunshine hours and direct incoming radiation. The functional relationships between the PAR interception and the leaf area index were expressed as a function of Beer's law. The extinction coefficients(k) in the functions ranged from 0.77 to 0.92. The values of k were greater at higher planting density, but they were affected neither by planting dates nor by varieties. The reflection ratio of PAR($\alpha$) was determined by the exponential function as below; $\alpha$=$\alpha$p-($\alpha$p-$\alpha$o) exp(-kㆍLAI) where $\alpha$p was the reflectance at the maximum LAI and $\alpha$o was that of the bare soil. The ap ranged from 0.025 to 0.035 and $\alpha$o ranged from 0.11 to 0.12, respectively. The reflected PAR ranged from 0.049 to 0.064 and the transmitted PAR ranged from 0.168 to 0.340 until maximum dry weights were observed. The slope from the linear regression of dry matter on absorbed PAR, conversion efficiency, ranged from 1.30 to 2.3g MJ$^{-1}$ during the growing season until maximum dry weight was reached. The total dry matter yield above ground (TDM) increased with the increases in the conversion efficiency. TDM was higher in Hwanggeumkong than Paldalkong and higher in the space of 30$\times$15cm than 60$\times$15cm, Paldalkong showed higher harvest index than Hwanggeumkong. than Hwanggeumkong.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.266-270
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• 2016

We report a unique case of synchronous double primary gastric cancer consisting of adenocarcinoma components with micropapillary features and composite glandular-endocrine cell carcinoma components. The patient was a 53-year-old man presenting with a 6-month history of epigastric pain and diarrhea. A subtotal gastrectomy was performed. Histologically, one tumor was composed of micropapillary carcinoma components (50%) with tight clusters of micropapillary aggregates lying in the empty spaces, admixed with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma components. MUC-1 was expressed at the stromal edge of the micropapillary component. The other tumor was composed of atypical carcinoid-like neuroendocrine carcinoma (50%), adenocarcinoid (30%), and adenocarcinoma components (20%). The neuroendocrine components were positive for CD56, synaptophysin, chromogranin, and creatine kinase. The adenocarcinoid components were positive for both carcinoembryonic antigen and neuroendocrine markers (amphicrine differentiation). This case is unique, due to the peculiar histologic micropapillary pattern and the histologic spectrum of adenocarcinoma adenocarcinoid-neuroendocrine carcinoma of the synchronous composite tumor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.38-46
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively examine the physiological and psychological effects of a waterscape facility in an interior landscape space. Data were collected as participants under stress relaxed in either an interior space with greenery(Type G) or an interior space with a waterscape facility(Type W). The participants relaxing in the Type W space showed significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and an impression evaluation by the SD method indicated that their impressions were expressed in more positive terms, such as 'vigor', 'dynamism', 'pleasantness', and 'vitality'; when compared to participants relaxing in the Type G space. A POMS analysis showed waterscape elements influenced participants' psychological mood states by decreasing tension and fatigue, but increasing vitality. Introduction of waterscape facilities into interior landscape spaces could therefore provide stressed individuals with health benefits, including decreased blood pressure and positively changed psychological mood states.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 1981

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke and the correlation between change of flicker value and active or passive smoking in poorly ventilated room. Forty five male students were tested by divided into four experimental groups composed of active and passive smokers and three control groups. Each four experimental groups were exposed to smoke for Two hours in enclosed room. Vital capacities, flicker values, blood carboxyhemoglobin levels and carbon monoxide concentration in room air were estimated before, during and after the exposure, and amounts of smoking or smoke exposure during two hours were also noted. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Concentration of carbon monoxide in air and increase of blood carboxyhemoglobin level (% COHb) were positively correlated with smoking amount. 2. Increase of blood carboxyhemoglobin in passive smokeres, in average, were about seventy six percent of that in smokers, as 2.2% vs. 2.9%. 3. Comparison with published data showed that Peterson's equation gave most similar result to this study in estimation of increase of blood carboxyhemoglobin level. 4. During the exposure, flicker values fell steadily in both experimental groups and control groups as time passed. Flicker values were, however, elevated again in experimental groups after exposure, despite the fact that values still fell in control groups. 5. Blood carboxyhemoglobin and flicker value were negatively correlated and this correlationship was stronger in passive smoker than in active smoker. 6. Multiple regression equation between flicker value and exposure time and blood carboxyhemoglobin level was expressed as: Flicker value=41.6-0.2 COHb%-0.9Hour, 7. In general, it is suggested that biological criteria would be more preferrable than chemical criteria in establishment of statutory limitation of smoking in enclosed spaces.