• 폴리머
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.297-306
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• 2009

폴리(비닐 알코올)과 1-{4-(4'-시아노페닐아조)펜옥시}알킬브롬들(CAFBn, n=$2{\sim}10$)을 이용하여 곁사슬형 액정 동족체들인 폴리 [1-(4-(4'-시아노페닐아조)펜옥시알킬옥시)에틸렌]들(CAFETn, n=$2{\sim}10$, 유연격자중의 메틸렌 단위들의 수)을 합성함과 동시에 이들의 열방성 액정 특성을 검토하였다. n=$2{\sim}5$인 CAPBn은 액정 상들을 형성하지 않는 반면 CAPB6 그리고 n=$7{\sim}10$인 CAPBn들은 각각 쌍방성 그리고 단방성 네마틱 상들을 형성 하였다. 이러한 사실과 판이하게, CAPETn 고분자들 중에서 CAPET5만이 쌍방성 네마틱 상을 형성하는 반면 나머지 고분자들은 단방성 네미틱 상들을 형성하였다. CAPETn들의 액체 상에서 네마틱 상으로의 전이온도들 그리고 CAPBn들에 비해 큰 값들을 갖는 CAPETn들의 상 전이시의 엔트로피 변화는 n의 함수로서 전형적인 홀수-짝수 효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 상 전이 거동들을 Imrie에 의한 'virtual trimer model'의 견지에서 검토하였다. CAPETn들의 액정 상의 특성들은 폴리아크릴레이트, 폴리메타크릴레이트 그리고 폴리스티렌에 (시아노페닐아조)펜옥시 그룹들을 플리메틸렌 유연격자들을 통하여 연결시켜 얻은 고분자들에 대해 보고된 결과와 크게 달랐다. 이러한 결과들은 주사슬과 곁사슬 그룹의 화학적 결합양식이 액정 상의 형성능, 안정성 그리고 구조에 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

본 연구는 강원도 지역에서 채집한, 구름버섯균으로 예상되는 19종의 실험균주의 외부형태와 내부구조의 특징을 파악하여 동정하고, 구름버섯균(Trametes versicolor)의 형태적 특징과 rDNA상의 ITS염기서열간의 상관관계 유무를 확인하기 위하여 Trametes versicolor와 동일 속(Genus)에 속하며 계통학적 유연관계가 가까운 Trametes villosa KCTC06866, Trametes suaveolens KCTC 26205, Trametes hirusta KCTC26200, Trametes versicolor KCTC16781 및 KCTC26203의 4종-5균주와 함께 rDNA의 Internal Transcribed Spacers(ITS1 과 ITS2)영역의 염기서열을 비교 분석하였다. 분석결과, 채집된 실험균주는 Trametes versicolor KCTC16781 및 KCTC26203과의 염기차이가 $0{\sim}6$개로 매우 유사한 근연한 양상을 나타내었고 계통도를 분석한 결과, 구름버섯으로 예상된 실험균주들과 Trametes versicolor 종들이 단계통군을 이루어 실험균주는 모두 동일종으로 확인되었으며, Trametes hirusta KCTC26200, Trametes suaveolens KCTC26205 그리고 Trametes villosa KCTC06866는 측계통을 이루었다. 채집된 19종의 균주는 외형상 다양한 채색과 무늬를 갖고 있으나 ITS1과 ITS2 영역의 염기서열을 분석한 계통수에서는 Trametes versicolor간의 색깔이나 무늬는 ITS1 및 ITS2의 염기서열과는 직접적인 유연관계가 없었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2004

광반응성 곁사슬기로서 4-(4-옥시알킬렌옥시스티릴)피리딘 (에틸렌 및 헥실렌)을 가지는 용해성 폴리이미드를 합성하였고 그 특성을 조사하였다. 합성한 광반응성 고분자들은 여러 가지 극성 유기 용매에 잘 녹았으며 이들 고분자는 용액법으로 쉽게 필름이 형성되었고 필름 상태에서 1.5 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 광량을 받았을 때 64%정도 광반응이 진행되었다. 또한 이들 고분자의 필름은 투과율을 20$0^{\circ}C$에서도 85% 정도 유지하였다. 따라서 이들 고분자는 투명성과 용해성이 좋은 감광성 폴리이미드로 평가 될 수 있다. 알킬렌 스페이서로서 에틸렌기를 가지는 고분자와 헥실렌기를 가지는 고분자는 필름 상태에서 이색비가 각각 0.023과 0.026이었다. 선편광에 의해 광반응된 전자의 고분자와 후자의 고분자의 필름 셀에 주입된 액정의 질서 파라미터 값은 각각 0.50과 0.52였다. 이들 결과는 이들 고분자가 광배향에 알킬렌 스페이서 효과를 나타낸다는 것을 뜻한다. 이들 고분자에 의한 액정의 광배향은 선편광 자외선의 전기장 벡터에 대해 수직한 방향이었다.

• 폴리머
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.489-496
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• 2008

폴리 [1-{4-(4'-니트로페닐아조)페녹시카보널알카노일옥시}에틸렌]들(NAPEn, n=$2{\sim}8$,10, 유연격자 중의 메틸렌 단위들의 수)의 동족체들의 열방성 액정 거동을 검토하였다. 모든 동족체들은 단방성 네마틱 상들을 형성하였다. 유리전이온도들은 n이 증가함에 따라 낮아졌다. 이러한 사실은 곁사슬 그룹들에 의한 주사슬의 가소화에 의해 초래되는 것으로 생각된다. 액체 상에서 네마틱 상으로의 전이온도들은 n이 7까지는 낮아지며 홀수-짝수 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나 n>7인 동족체들의 전이온도는 거의 일정하게 되었다. 이러한 거동은 유연격자의 홀수-짝수의 변화에 기인한 곁사슬의 평균적인 형태변화의 견지에서 합리적으로 설명된다. 전이온도에서 관찰되는 엔트로피 증가의 변화도 동일한 관점에서 설명된다. NAPEn이 나타내는 액정 특성들은 폴리아크릴레이트, 폴리메타크릴레이트 그리고 폴리스틸렌에 아조벤젠 그룹들을 폴리메틸렌 유연격자들을 통하여 연결시켜 얻은 고분자들에 대해 보고된 결과와 전혀 달랐다. 이러한 결과들은 주사슬과 곁사슬의 화학적 결합양식이 액정상의 형성능, 안정성 그리고 구조에 중요한 역할을 함을 시사한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.1834-1845
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• 2021

Liquid lead-bismuth cooled fast reactor is one of the most promising reactor types among the fourth-generation nuclear energy systems. The flow and heat transfer characteristics of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) are completely different from ordinary fluids due to its special thermal properties, causing that the traditional Reynolds analogy is no longer recommended and appropriate. More accurate turbulence flow and heat transfer model for the liquid metal lead-bismuth should be developed and applied in CFD simulation. In this paper, a specific CFD solver for simulating the flow and heat transfer of liquid lead-bismuth based on the k - 𝜀 - k_𝜃 - 𝜀_𝜃 model was developed based on the open source platform OpenFOAM. Then the advantage of proposed model was demonstrated and validated against a set of experimental data. Finally, the simulation of LBE turbulent flow and heat transfer in a 7-pin wire-wrapped rod bundle with the k - 𝜀 - k_𝜃 - 𝜀_𝜃 model was carried out. The influence of wire on the flow and heat transfer characteristics and the three-dimensional distribution of key thermal hydraulic parameters such as temperature, cross-flow velocity and Nusselt number were studied and presented. Compared with the traditional SED model with a constant Pr_t = 1.5 or 2.0, the k - 𝜀 - k_𝜃 - 𝜀_𝜃 model is more accurate on predicting the turbulence flow and heat transfer of liquid lead-bismuth. The average relative error of the k - 𝜀 - k_𝜃 - 𝜀_𝜃 model is reduced by 11.1% at most under the simulation conditions in this paper. This work is meaningful for the thermal hydraulic analysis and structure design of fuel assembly in the liquid lead-bismuth cooled fast reactor.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2019

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic-loaded cement spacers (ALCSs) for the treatment of diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis as a salvage procedure and to analyze the risk factors of treatment failure. Materials and Methods: This study reviewed retrospectively 39 cases of diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis who underwent surgical treatment from 2009 to 2017. The mean age and follow-up period were $62{\pm}13years$ and $19.2{\pm}23.3months$, respectively. Wounds were graded using the Wagner and Strauss classification. X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (or bone scan) and deep tissue cultures were taken preoperatively to diagnose osteomyelitis. The ankle-brachial index, toe-brachial index (TBI), and current perception threshold were checked. Lower extremity angiography was performed and if necessary, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was conducted preoperatively. As a surgical treatment, meticulous debridement, bone curettage, and ALCS placement were employed in all cases. Between six and eight weeks after surgery, ALCS removal and autogenous iliac bone graft were performed. The treatment was considered successful if the wounds had healed completely within three months without signs of infection and no additional amputation within six months. Results: The treatment success rate was 82.1% (n=32); 12.8% (n=5) required additional amputation and 5.1% (n=2) showed delayed wound healing. Bacterial growth was confirmed in 82.1% (n=32) with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus being the most commonly identified strain (23.1%, n=9). The lesions were divided anatomically into four groups; the largest number was the toes: (1) toes (41.0%, n=16), (2) metatarsals (35.9%, n=14), (3) midfoot (5.1%, n=2), and (4) hindfoot (17.9%, n=7). A significant difference in the Strauss wound score and TBI was observed between the treatment success group and failure group. Conclusion: The insertion of ALCSs can be a useful treatment option in diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis. Low scores in the Strauss classification and low TBI are risk factors of treatment failure.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.450-457
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• 2019

Objective : Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is commonly used surgical procedure for cervical degenerative disease. Among the various intervertebral spacers, the use of allografts is increasing due to its advantages such as no harvest site complications and low rate of subsidence. Although subsidence is a rare complication, graft collapse is often observed in the follow-up period. Graft collapse is defined as a significant graft height loss without subsidence, which can lead to clinical deterioration due to foraminal re-stenosis or segmental kyphosis. However, studies about the collapse of allografts are very limited. In this study, we evaluated risk factors associated with graft collapse. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed 33 patients who underwent two level ACDF with anterior plating using allogenous bone graft from January 2013 to June 2017. Various factors related to cervical sagittal alignment were measured preoperatively (PRE), postoperatively (POST), and last follow-up. The collapse was defined as the ratio of decrement from POST disc height to follow-up disc height. We also defined significant collapses as disc heights that were decreased by 30% or more after surgery. The intraoperative distraction was defined as the ratio of increment from PRE disc height to POST disc height. Results : The subsidence rate was 4.5% and graft collapse rate was 28.8%. The pseudarthrosis rate was 16.7% and there was no association between pseudarthrosis and graft collapse. Among the collapse-related risk factors, pre-operative segmental angle (p=0.047) and intra-operative distraction (p=0.003) were significantly related to allograft collapse. The cut-off value of intraoperative distraction ${\geq}37.3%$ was significantly associated with collapse (p=0.009; odds ratio, 4.622; 95% confidence interval, 1.470-14.531). The average time of events were as follows: collapse, $5.8{\pm}5.7months$; subsidence, $0.99{\pm}0.50months$; and instrument failure, $9.13{\pm}0.50months$. Conclusion : We experienced a higher frequency rate of collapse than subsidence in ACDF using an allograft. Of the various preoperative factors, intra-operative distraction was the most predictable factor of the allograft collapse. This was especially true when the intraoperative distraction was more than 37%, in which case the occurrence of graft collapse increased 4.6 times. We also found that instrument failure occurs only after the allograft collapse.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.244-257
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• 2002

주사슬에 나프탈렌고리와 테트라메틸렌 및 헥사메틸렌 유연격자를 가지면서 트라이어드메소겐을 갖는 새로운 열방성 방향족 액정 폴리에스테르(TLCP)를 용액중합법에 의하여 합성하였다. TLCP의 함량을 달리하는 TLCP/PEN in situ 복합재료를 용융방사하여 연신비가 각각 다른 단섬유를 제조하고 그들의 열적, 기계적 특성 및 모폴로지를 조사하였다. 합성된 TLCP는 네마틱 액정중합체였으며 고체상에서 액정상으로의 전이 온도는 249 ℃였다. 블렌드내의 TLCP 도메인들은 매트릭스 고분자인 PEN에 잘 분산 되었으며 어떠한 거대 상 분리 현상도 보여 주지 않았다. TLCP 함량의 증가에 따른 블렌드내 PEN의 cold crystallization 온도가 낮아진 것으로 보아서 TLCP가 PEN에 대한 조핵제 역할을 하였음을 알 수 있었다. 블렌드 섬유내의 TLCP의 도메인 크기는 대략 40 ~ 50 nm정도의 미세한 크기였으며 매트릭스와의 사이에 좋은 계면 접착력을 보였다. 또한 cold 및 hot-drawing 과정을 거친 낮은 draw ratio(DR)에서는 거의 fibril이 형성되지 않았지만, 높은 DR에서는 잘 발달된 fibril들을 보여 주었다. TLCP의 강화효과로 인하여 10 wt% TLCP/ PEN 블렌드 섬유의 초기 모듈러스는 270 %, 인장강도는 235 %의 증가를 보여주었다. 반면에 신장률은 DR의 증가와 함께 감소 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1142-1150
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• 2023

Objective: To evaluate ^99mtechnetium-three polyethylene glycol spacers-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (^99mTc-3PRGD₂) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) imaging for diagnosing lymph node metastasis of primary malignant lung neoplasms. Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled 26 patients with primary malignant lung tumors who underwent ^99mTc-3PRGD₂ SPECT/CT and ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging. Both imaging methods were analyzed in qualitative (visual dichotomous and 5-point grades for lymph nodes and lung tumors, respectively) and semiquantitative (maximum tissue-to-background radioactive count) manners for the lymph nodes and lung tumors. The performance of the differentiation of lymph nodes with and without metastasis was determined at the per-lymph node station and per-patient levels using histopathological results as the reference standard. Results: Total 42 stations had metastatic lymph nodes and 136 stations had benign lymph nodes. The differences between metastatic and benign lymph nodes in the visual qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of ^99mTc-3PRGD₂ SPECT/CT and ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT were statistically significant (all P < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the semi-quantitative analysis of ^99mTc-3PRGD₂ SPECT/CT was 0.908 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.851-0.966), and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 0.86 (36/42), 0.88 (120/136), 0.69 (36/52), and 0.95 (120/126), respectively. Among the 26 patients (including two patients each with two lung tumors), 15 had pathologically confirmed lymph node metastasis. The difference between primary lung lesions in patients with and without lymph node metastasis was statistically significant only in the semi-quantitative analysis of ^99mTc-3PRGD₂ SPECT/CT (P = 0.007), with an AUC of 0.807 (95% CI, 0.641-0.974). Conclusion: ^99mTc-3PRGD₂ SPECT/CT imaging may notably perform in the direct diagnosis of lymph node metastasis of primary malignant lung tumors and indirectly predict the presence of lymph node metastasis through uptake in the primary lesions.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1999

Fully sealed field emission display in size of 4.5 inch has been fabricated using single-wall carbon nanotubes-organic vehicle com-posite. The fabricated display were fully scalable at low temperature below 415$^{\circ}C$ and CNTs were vertically aligned using paste squeeze and surface rubbing techniques. The turn-on fields of 1V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and field emis-sion current of 1.5mA at 3V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ (J=90${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$)were observed. Brightness of 1800cd/$m^2$ at 3.7V/${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was observed on the entire area of 4.5-inch panel from the green phosphor-ITO glass. The fluctuation of the current was found to be about 7% over a 4.5-inch cath-ode area. This reliable result enables us to produce large area full-color flat panel dis-play in the near future. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention because of their unique elec-trical properties and their potential applica-tions [1, 2]. Large aspect ratio of CNTs together with high chemical stability. ther-mal conductivity, and high mechanical strength are advantageous for applications to the field emitter [3]. Several results have been reported on the field emissions from multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) and single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) grown from arc discharge [4, 5]. De Heer et al. have reported the field emission from nan-otubes aligned by the suspension-filtering method. This approach is too difficult to be fully adopted in integration process. Recently, there have been efforts to make applications to field emission devices using nanotubes. Saito et al. demonstrated a car-bon nanotube-based lamp, which was oper-ated at high voltage (10KV) [8]. Aproto-type diode structure was tested by the size of 100mm $\times$ 10mm in vacuum chamber [9]. the difficulties arise from the arrangement of vertically aligned nanotubes after the growth. Recently vertically aligned carbon nanotubes have been synthesized using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(CVD) [6, 7]. Yet, control of a large area synthesis is still not easily accessible with such approaches. Here we report integra-tion processes of fully sealed 4.5-inch CNT-field emission displays (FEDs). Low turn-on voltage with high brightness, and stabili-ty clearly demonstrate the potential applica-bility of carbon nanotubes to full color dis-plays in near future. For flat panel display in a large area, car-bon nanotubes-based field emitters were fabricated by using nanotubes-organic vehi-cles. The purified SWNTs, which were syn-thesized by dc arc discharge, were dispersed in iso propyl alcohol, and then mixed with on organic binder. The paste of well-dis-persed carbon nanotubes was squeezed onto the metal-patterned sodalime glass throuhg the metal mesh of 20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in size and subse-quently heat-treated in order to remove the organic binder. The insulating spacers in thickness of 200${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ are inserted between the lower and upper glasses. The Y\ulcornerO\ulcornerS:Eu, ZnS:Cu, Al, and ZnS:Ag, Cl, phosphors are electrically deposited on the upper glass for red, green, and blue colors, respectively. The typical sizes of each phosphor are 2~3 micron. The assembled structure was sealed in an atmosphere of highly purified Ar gas by means of a glass frit. The display plate was evacuated down to the pressure level of 1$\times$10\ulcorner Torr. Three non-evaporable getters of Ti-Zr-V-Fe were activated during the final heat-exhausting procedure. Finally, the active area of 4.5-inch panel with fully sealed carbon nanotubes was pro-duced. Emission currents were character-ized by the DC-mode and pulse-modulating mode at the voltage up to 800 volts. The brightness of field emission was measured by the Luminance calorimeter (BM-7, Topcon).