• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.239-243
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• 2000

Most space-related life science programs are expensive and time-consuming, requiring international cooperation and resources with trans-disciplinary expertise. A comprehensive future program in "life sciences in space" needs, therefore, well-defined research goals and strategies as well as a sound ground-based program. The first half of this review will describe four key aspects such as the environment in space, previous accomplishments in space (primarily focusing on amphibian embryogenesis), available resources, and recent advances in bioinformatics and biotechnology, whose clear understanding is imperative for defining future directions. The second half of this review will focus on a broad range of interdisciplinary research opportunities currently supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Health (NIH), and National Science Foundation (NSF). By listing numerous research topics such as alterations in a diffusion-limited metabolic process, bone loss and skeletal) muscle weakness of astronauts, behavioral and cognitive ability in space, life in extreme environment, etc., we will attempt to suggest future opportunities.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.181-202
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• 2020

The Non-Appropriation Principle was stipulated in the OST and the MA. However the MA, creating CHM in international law for the first time, attempted to further limit the prohibitions to include ownership of resources extracted from celestial bodies, its rejection by the U.S. and most of the international spacefaring community prevented it from serving as a binding international treaty. Individuals or private enterprises intending to perform space exploitation must receive approval from the nation and may not appropriate outer space or celestial bodies. In the course of this space activity, each party will be liable. Articles 6 and 7 of the OST and the Liability Convention of 1972 deal with matters concerning those problems. The CSLCA of 2015 and Luxembourg Space Resources Law of 2017 allows States to provide commercial exploration and use of space resources to their own nationals and to companies operated by other countries within their territory. These laws do not violate Article 2 of the OST. In the case of the CSLCA of 2015, the law clearly states that it cannot claim ownership, sovereignty or jurisdiction over certain celestial bodies. Even if scholars claim that the U.S. CSLCA and Luxembourg Space Resources Law violate the non-appropriation principle of the OST, they cannot prevent these two countries from extracting the space resources on "the first come, first served" basis. The legal status of outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies is res extra commercium, like the high seas, where the fishing vessels from each country catch and sell fish without occupying the sea. Major space-faring nations must push for the adoption of an international regulatory committee which will oversee applications and issue permits based on a set of robust, modern, and forward-thinking ideals that are best equipped to govern and protect outer space as individuals, businesses, and nations compete to commercialize space through mining and the extraction of space-based resources. The new Corpus Juris Spatialis on the development of space resources, whether it is a treaty or a soft law such as recommendation and declaration, in the case of the Moon and Mars, will cover a certain amount of area to develop, and the development period by the states should be specified.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.19-33
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• 2022

Planarity geotechnical exploration missions were actively performed during the 1970s and there was a period of decline from the 1 990s to the 2000s because of budget. However, exploring space resources is essential to prepare for the depletion of Earth's resources in the future and explore resources abundant in space but scarce on Earth, such as rare earth and helium-3. Additionally, the development of space technology has become the driving force of future industry development. The competition among developed countries for exoplanet exploration has recently accelerated for the exploration and utilization of space resources. For these missions and resource exploration/mining, geotechnical exploration is required. There have been several missions to explore exoplanet ground, including the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. There are Apollo, LUNA, and Chang'E missions for exploration of the Moon. The Mars missions included Viking, Spirit/Opportunity, Phoenix, and Perseverance missions, and the asteroid missions included the Hayabusa missions. In this study, space planetary mineral resource exploration technologies are explained, and the future technological tasks of Korea are described.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.234-242
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• 2010

In order to make an effective use of spatial resources in the city, detailed environmental plan strategies based on 'culture' are needed. An integral part of city spaces-'underground space' serves as one of the spatial resources with much effective usage potentials. Hence, 'underground space' needs cultural vitality. The purpose of this study is to propose an thorough indoor environmental plan guideline for the cultural vitality of 'underground space'. The methods used to conduct research include precedent study reviews and survey. Through this research, following conclusions are drawn. First, to promote cultural vitality at the 'underground space', it must be transformed into the cultural public place to be utilized for cultural activities by residents. Second, the 'underground space' requires 'concept of eco-friendly space for clean environment'. Third, 'safe environment' concept must be installed in the 'underground space' to promote the cultural vitality. Fourth, the 'underground space' requires 'complex/block level network plans between cultural spaces in addition to horizontal/vertical walking network between cultural environments in ground level and underground spaces. Fifth, the 'underground space' requires underground public cultural space plan through 'reasonable underground development with considerations of the facilities related to education, culture and history'. Sixth, 'public cultural space plan for various cultural spaces' and 'supply of space for cultural activities for residents and design plan for mutual culture exchange' are necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.489-493
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• 2008

One of the main goals of ubiquitous computing is to share a variety of resources existing to smart space and compose an efficient services by reasoning the most user-suitable resources, However, each applications describe the resources and services in different expression ways and these heterogeneous expression ways make it difficult for sharing and reasoning of the resources. Therefore, it is necessary to unify the information for resources sharing and ontology is one of the solution for the unification. In this paper, we define the possible services in the ubiquitous smart space and its ontology. Also, we propose a resource ontology to represent the usable resources in the space. our ontologies are used to reason resource set for composing user-suitable service in the ubiquitous smart space.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-120
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• 2007

The purpose of study was planning to a rural community space plan for revitalization of aging in rural society and activity of rural older adults. The rural community type was divided 5 categories by local topography characteristics and road system. According to 5 categories, the rural community space plan was consisted of space plan such as consideration for a rural topography characteristics and activity plan by space which analyzed a relations with rural resource and activity of rural older adults. Results from the rural community planning showed that to improve quality of life and to increase in economic productive activity for rural older adults, moreover to lead a retired oppidan migrate from city to country and to make full use of oppidan's intellectual capacity resource.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2016

This research proposes the composition logic of an Active Learning Environment (ALE), to enable discovery by learning through experience, whilst increasing knowledge about modern architectural heritage. Linking information to the historical heritage using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) helps to overcome the limits of previous learning methods, by providing rich learning resources on site. Existing field trips of cultural heritages are created to impart limited experience content from web resources, or receive content at a specific place through humanities Geographic Information System (GIS). Therefore, on the basis of the blended space theory, an augmented space experience method for overcoming these shortages was composed. An ALE space framework is proposed to enable discovery through learning in an expanded space. The operation of ALE space is needed to create full coordination, such as a Content Management System (CMS). It involves a relation network to provide knowledge to the rule engine of the CMS. The application is represented with the Deoksugung Palace Seokjojeon hall example, by describing a user experience scenario.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2001

When a networked virtual reality system handles composite media audio and video as well as three dimensional computer graphics, the quality of the virtual space is greatly affected by the current available network, and end system resources. Even if the network can preserve a certain amount of resources, the required resources change dynamically according to the user\`s navigation of a large virtual space, and then it may decrease the quality of the virtual space. In this paper, a method for resource allocation is proposed and the proposed system copes with the deterioration of quality of virtual spaces in case that the starvation of system resources occurs. The experimental results show that the proposed method is efficient.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.35-59
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• 2018

Professor Bin Cheng said that outer space was res extra commercium, while the moon and the other celestial bodies were res nullius before the 1967 Outer Space Treaty(OST). However, Article 2 of the OST made the moon and other celestial bodies have the legal status as res extra commmercium, not appropriated by any country or private enterprises or individual person, but the resources there can be freely available, as those on the high seas. The non-appropriation principle was introduced to corpus juris spatialis internationalis. Whether or not the non-appropriation principle is binding for the non-parties of the OST, many scholars see this principle as an international customary law, even developing into jus cogens. Article 11(2) of the Moon Agreement(MA) reconfirms the nonappropriation principle of Article 2 of the OST, but it has much less effect than the OST because the MA binds only the 18 parties involved. The MA applies only to the moon and celestial bodies other than the Earth in the Solar System, the OST's application scope extends to the Galaxy because the OST has no such substantive enactment. As referred to in the 2015 CSLCA of USA or Luxembourg's Law of Space Resources, allowing individuals and enterprises run by other countries to commercially explore and utilize the space resources, the question may arise whether this violates the non-appropriation principle under Article 2 of the OST and Article 11 of the MA. In the case of the CSLCA, the law explicitly specifies that sovereignty, possessory rights, and judiciary rights to a specific celestial body cannot be claimed, let alone ownership. This author believes that this law respects the legal status of outer space and the celestial bodies as res extra commmercium. As long as any countries or private enterprises or individuals respect the non-appropriation principle of outer space and the celestial bodies, they could use, exploit it. Another question might be raised in the difference between res extra commercium on the high seas and res extra commercium in outer space and the celestial bodies. Collecting resources on the high seas and exploiting space resources should be interpreted differently. On the high seas, resources can be collected without any obstacles like fishing, whereas, in the case of the deep sea-bed area, the Common Heritage of Mankind principles under the UNCLOS should be operated by the International Seabed Authority as an international regime. The nature or form of the sea resources found on the high seas are thus different from that of space resources, which are fixed on the moon and the celestial bodies without water. Thus, if individuals or private enterprises collect these resources from outer space and the celestial bodies, they might secure a certain section and continue collecting or mining works without any limitation. If an American enterprise receives an approval from the U.S. government, secures the best location and collects resources on the moon, can other countries' enterprises access to this area? How large the exploiting place can be allotted on the moon? How long should such a exploiting activity be lasted? Under the current international space law, these matters might be handled according to the principle of "first come, first served." As a consequence, the international community should provide a guideline or a proposal for the settlement of any foreseeable disputes during the space activity to solve plausible space legal questions in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.41-53
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• 2022

After industrialization has been started, mankind needs and consumes more resources. Now, the resources depletion is a serious problem in the Earth. However, there are infinite resources in the Space. Especially, the Moon is the closest planet and has much resources, including Helium-3 and rare earths, which are needed to human being in the future. Humanity needs to reside on the moon to harvest these resources. For the resident, much resources, such as food, construction, and industrial materials, are needed. However, to transport these resources to the Moon from the Earth, an astronomical cost should be consumed. Thus, research is underway to support human activities by procuring resources locally. This is called In-Situ Resources Utilization (ISRU), which is the essential technology for the space development. In this paper, the reason why ISRU is essential and the its status are introduced and future research projects will be explained.