• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.135-138
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• 1995

Soybean meal was fermented by Aspergillus usami in order to reduce phytate content. Aflatoxin B1 was not detected in the fermented soybean meal. The contents of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and crude ash were slightly increased following fermentation with a concomitant reduction in nitrogen free extract. Though the fermentation partly degraded proteins in the soybean meal, there was small difference in amino acid composition between the soybean meal and the fermented soybean meal. The results showed that the fermentation did not affect nutritional value of protein in soybean meal. Approximately 55% of phosphorus extracted by trichloroacetic acid was inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) in the soybean meal. The content of inositol tetra to hexaphosphates was not detected in the fermented soybean meal. These results indicated that the fermentation almost completely eliminated phytate in soybean meal. Phytase activity was not detected in the unfermented soybean meal. However, the enzyme activity in the fermented soybean meal was 167.7 U/g. When the fermented soybean meal in supplemented in formula feeds, phytase in the fermented soybean meal might partly degrade the phytate in other ingredients in the digestive tract. The fermented soybean meal is possibly used as a phytate-free protein source of feed, which contains high available phosphorus.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

In this study the rheological properties of Jeung-pyun prepared with soybean protein isolate (SPI) were investigated. SPI Jeung-pyun samples were manufactured with 3% whole protein, 7S protein, or 11S protein (w/w). In terms of moisture content the Jeung-pyun samples prepared with soybean flour had greater moisture contents than the control group. With the addition of SPI water binding capacity solubility and swelling power increased. Dough pH decreased during the fermentation, but increased after steaming and the SPI Jeung-pyun samples presented higher pH levels han the control group. Foaming ability was significantly strong in the 7S, 11S and whole protein groups. The surface structures of the 7S, 11S and whole protein Jeung-pyun samples displayed small uniform pores when examined by SEM. Overall, the results suggest that SPI can contribute to quality improvements in Jeung-pyun through effects on dough fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.821-827
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected fat and heat-extruded soybean meal on the lactation performance of Holstein cows. Twenty-four cows, consisting of 20 lactating cows and 4 rumen-fistulated dry cows, were randomly allocated into four groups with 5 lactating cows and 1 fistulated cow in each group. A replicated 4${\times}$4 Latin square design with four 21 day periods, including 14 days of adaptation and 7 collection days within each period was employed. The experiment was a 2${\times}$2 arrangement, with or without heat-extruded soybean meal and protected fat inclusion. The dietary treatments consisted of supplements of (a) soybean meal (the control), (b) heat-extruded soybean meal, (c) protected fat, and (d) heat-extruded soybean meal and protected fat. The results showed that there were no significant differences in feed intake, milk yield, milk protein content, milk lactose content and body weight change between the dietary treatments. However, cows supplemented with protected fat showed a significantly increased (p<0.05) milk fat yield, 3.5% FCM and total solid yield. The increase in undegradable intake protein (UIP) via heat extruded soybean meal supplement significantly decreased the urea nitrogen concentration in the blood (p<0.05). Dietary fat inclusion significantly increased the blood cholesterol concentration (p<0.01) and decreased the ruminal pH value (p<0.01). Increased dietary UIP significantly decreased the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen (p<0.01), but did not significantly influence the pH and VFA molar percentage in the rumen. It appears that dietary protected fat inclusion could improve milk fat and solid content. Increased dietary undegradable intake protein through heat extruded soybean meal did not improve milk yield. But it could alleviate the adverse effect of decreased milk protein due to dietary fat supplementation. Increased UIP could also decrease the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen and plasma urea nitrogen concentration in the blood.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1972

This study was designed to investigate the nutritional value of fermented soybean bran as animal feed. Natural soybean bran has low protein quality and high cellulase contents. The soybean bran was supplemented by urea and ammoniumsulfate as N-source for incubation of Aspergillus niger. After incubation of soybean bran with Aspergillus niger, the nutritional quality of protein and riboflavin contents were increased in general and more in aging process than in fermentation. In order to elucidate the biological efficiency of prepared soybean bran, 120 male weanling rats were divided into 22 groups, five rats each, and were fed by standard casein diet mixed with soybean bran in the proportion of 1/10, 1/15, 1/20 respectively. The animals were kept under the experimental diet for nine weeks. In the result of this study, food efficiency ratio showed higher in the groups of urea and ammonium-sulfate-add group than row soybean bran group but the former group is lower than the later in the body weight gains. Protein efficiency ratio was also same trend. It was noteworthy that the nitrogen retention rate in total body on the basis of urinary nitrogen excretion and dietary intake nitrogen and in big organ such as liver and spleen were higher in fermented group than raw soybean bran fed group. It was worth while to treat the soybean bran in first place fermentation and further aging process to elevate the biological efficiency and effect of nutritional values specifically of protein and of riboflavin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.980-989
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• 2005

The influence of treated, extruded, partially expelled soybean meals as undegradable protein and bypass fat sources on lactation performance and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows was studied. Experiment 1: nine cows were used in a replicated 3${\times}$3 Latin square design with each period being 3 wk in duration. Cows were fed 440 g/kg forage and 560 g/kg grain diet with one of three extruded soybean meals fed at 110 g/kg of the diet. The 3 soybean meals were 1) twice-extruded soybean meal (ESM; as a control); 2) lignosulfonate-treated, twice-extruded soybean meal (LSM); and 3) calcium oxide plus lignosulfonate-treated, twice extruded soybean meal (CLSM). Experiment 2: 3 ruminally cannulated cows were used in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square to study the treatment influence on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Feeding treated soybean meal to cows in LSM and CLSM treatments did not improve feed intake, milk yield, or milk composition except that cows fed the LSM and CLSM treatments produced less milk protein compared with the ESM treatment. The proportion of $C_{18:2}$ was greater in milk fat of cows fed CLSM compared with that of cows fed the ESM or LSM treatments. Ruminal pH, ammonia, and total volatile fatty acids were not affected by treatment. An increased proportion of $C_{18:2}$ in milk fat suggests that there is a potential use of calcium salts of fatty acids in protecting the lipid portion of extruded soybean meal and further research is needed to explore this potential with full-fat extruded soybeans not with extruded and partially oil expelled soybeans.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1998

Seedling establishment of soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Mer-rill] is an important factor for soybean production in the field. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of chemical composition in the emerging organs during seedling development in soybeans. Three soybean cultivars (Hill, Paldalkong, and Jangyeobkong) were planted at the Research Farm of College of Natural Resources, Korea University, on May 26, June 5, and June 14. Protein, oil, sugar, and starch contents were measured in each organ at each developing stage. Mean dry weight of three soybean cultivars decreased until VE stage and increased after this stage. Protein content of whole seedling did not change significantly during the seedling growth stage, but the amount in cotyledons markedly decreased with each growth stage increment. About 88% of the cotyledon protein was translocated to the other parts of the seedling at the V2 stage. Oil content of cotyledons sharply decreased until the V1 stage. Sugar content of the seedling was not detected at VE stage and starch content of seedlings increased slightly at VE and VC stages. For the changes of each metabolic component, the amount for whole plants decreased until the V1 stage and started to increase after this stage. The results of this study provide evidence for the breakdown of carbohydrates and oil at the initial stage of seedling growth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1993

The effect heat treatment (autoclave) on nutritional value of winged bean as compared to soybean has been investigated. The winged bean and soybean were obtained from local cultivar grown in Indonesia. The beans were autoclaved at $120^{\circ}C$ for 15, 30, 45, 60 or 90 minutes, respectively before being ground for chemical analysis. Trypsin inhibitors of winged bean and soybean decreased (p < 0.05) along with decreasing of urease activity as heating time increased from 0 to 90 minutes. Heat treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced protein solubility in 0.2% potassium hydroxide of winged bean as well as soybean. In vitro protein digestibility was significantly (p < 0.05) improved by heating treatment (15 to 60 min of autoclaving), however, excessive heating (90 min of autoclaving) decreased the digestibility of winged beans. Excessive heating had adverse effect on lysine, cystine and methionine contents of winged beans. The results of this study suggested that autoclaving at $120^{\circ}C$ within 45 minutes should be adequate to remove protease inhibitors and could improve protein digestibility of winged beans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.643-649
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• 1993

Soybean composition, which is different from those of other beans and grains, gives from 35 to 40 percent protein, 15 to 20 percent oil, and 20 to 25 percent sugar. Soybean has been extensively used as the raw material for traditional foods such as bean curd, soy sauce, soy paste and so on, since ancient times in Korea. Ultracentrifugal components of the soybean proteins represent four major peaks with sedimentation constants of about 2, 7, 11 and 15S. The two major reserve protein of soybean, 7S and 11S globulins, have been isolated and characterized by many works. The curd made with microbial enzyme exhibited minuter structure than those of the metal ion-and acid-treatment. Thus, the curd obtained by enzymatic operation serves as a material for further development of food items, and the procedure may by widely applicable in food processing.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.1047-1053
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of solid-state fermentation on soybean using three microbial strains under four different fermentation times. Soybean was fermented for 12, 24, 36 or 48 hours with highly proteolytic microbes, either Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or B. subtilis var. natto (BN), and levels of total protein concentration, protein distribution, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Total protein was highest in the BS 12 h group (9.21 ㎍·µL^-1) and lowest in BN 48 h (6.80 ㎍·µL^-1), respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, three microbes decomposed large molecular weight proteins as well as major allergens of soybean such as β-conglycinin, Gly m Bd 30K, and glycinin. Each treatment group showed the highest degradation rate at 48 h fermentation and among the three microbes, BS showed a relatively higher degradation rate. The radical scavenging ability, known as an indicator of antioxidant activity, showed a significant increase in all treatment groups except BA 24 h. The results from this study suggest that protein concentration, and degradation and antioxidant activity were affected by different types of microbial trains and fermentation period and that B. subtilis fermentation might be the most effective way to increase nutritional and functional properties of soybean.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.419-422
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• 2004

Soybean is a major source of protein meal in the world. Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) protein is responsible for the inferior nutritional quality of unheated or incompletely heated soybean meal. The objective of this research was to identify RAPD markers linked to KTI protein allele using bulked segregant analysis. Cultivar Jinpumkong2 (TiTi) was crossed with C242 (titi, absence of KTI protein) and F. seeds were planted. The $F_1$. plants were grown in the greenhouse to produce $F_2$ seeds. Each $F_2$ seed from $F_1$. plants was analysed electrophoretically to determine the presence of the KTI protein band. The present and absent bulks contained twenty individuals each, which were selected on the basis of the KTI protein electrophoresis, respectively. Total 94 $F_2$ individuals were constructed and 1,000 Operon random primers were used to identify RAPD primers linked to the Ti locus. The presence of KTI protein is dominant to the lack of a KTI protein and Kunitz trypsin inhibit protein band is controlled by a single locus. Four RAPD primers (OPAC12, OPAR15, OPO12, and OPC08) were linked to the Ti locus. RAPD primer OPO12 was linked to Ti locus, controlling kunitz trypsin inhibitor protein at a distance of 16.0 cM. This results may assist in study of developing fine map including Ti locus in soybean.