• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.112-137
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• 1993

As the concern with the creation of environmental problems and regulations about them becomes internationally growing, environmental cooperations with countries concerned are emerging as the first item on the political agenda. In case of South Korea, cooperations with countries in the Asian region is needed urgently. In particular, cooperations with North Korea will be an important factor to reunify the Korean peninsula as well as to solve environmental problems in South Korea. Accordingly, it is necessary to seek feasible alternatives and possibilities of coping with international environment in South and North Korea. This study is limited to literature study based on collecting materials and the testimony of former residents in North Korea. The period of study ranges from May to December in 1992. The research findings show the following environmental problems and alternatives : It is recognized in South Korea that the creation of environmental problems is product of economic development. Currently, the Korean government makes an effort to revise environmental administration and law, to encourage environmental education, and to proceed with environmental technology policies by establishing environmental policies together with economic development plans. North Korea ascribes the cause of environmental problems to colonial exploitation by Japan and the U.S. Environmental pollutants in North Korea is relatively less than South Korea, provisions such as environmental conservation movement, environmental education, and environmental administration and law are not well organized in the country. However, North korea will speed up its economic development to solve economic crises. Therefore, it is expected that industrial wastes, corrosion of nature, and water pollution will result in serious environmental problems. The fields expected to cooperate with South and North Korea are in the following : South Korea may adopt the model of the former East and West Germany and proceed to cooperate with North Korea in public sector as well as private sector. The possible programs are such as academic exchange to conserve environment, joint research in the area of the Demilitarized Zone, conservation of ecosystems around Imjin and Pukhan Rivers, South Korea's support of advanced environmental technology and industrial and financial aid to North Korea. Conflicts between countries concerned in the North East Asian region will be caused by the responsibilities of pollutions because of the seashore development of the Yellow Sea by South Korea and increasing seashore industrial complexes around the Yellow Sea in China, Therefore, it is desirable that the two countries will participate in organizations related to environment. Joint projects between South and North Korea will be as follows : 1. Construction of long-range monitoring system : 2. Investigation of the state of pollutions around the Yellow Sea and alternatives : 3. Construction of joint monitoring system to regulate the movement of pollutants : 4. Cooperation of environmental technology and exchange of information ; and 5. Support of Cooperation of environment in private sector. Efforts to cooperate with North korea is expected to overcome differences between the two countries as well as to encourage unification of the korean peninsula, which will lead to reducing the cost of environmental recovery. These efforts will also contribute to the maintenance for peace and stability on the korean peninsula as well as in the North East Asian region.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제25권spc3호
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• pp.361-371
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• 2003

The effect of bottom friction on the steady wind-driven circulation in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea (YSECS) has been studied using a two-dimensional numerical model with and without tidal forcing. Upwind flow experiment in YSECS has also been carried out with a schematic time variation in the wind field. The surface water setup and circulation pattern due to steady wind forcing are found to be very sensitive to the bottom friction. When the effects of tidal currents are neglected, the overall current velocities are overestimated and eddies of various sizes appear, upwind flow is formed within the deep trough of the Yellow Sea, forming a part of the topographic gyre on the side of Korea. When tidal forcing is taken into account, the wind-induced surface elevations are smoothed out due to the strong tide-induced bottom friction, which is aligned almost normal to the wind stresses; weak upwind flow is farmed in the deep trough of the Yellow Sea, west and south of Jeju. Calculation with wind forcing only through a parameterized linear bottom friction produces almost same results from the calculation with $M_2$ tidal forcing and wind forcing using a quadratic bottom friction, supporting Hunter (1975)'s linearization of bottom friction which includes the effect of tidal current, can be applied to the simulation of wind-driven circulation in YSECS. The results show that steady wind forcing is not a dominant factor to the winter-time upwind flow in YSECS. Upwind flow experiment which considers the relaxation of pressure gradient (Huesh et al. 1986) shows that 1) a downwind flow is dominant over the whole YSECS when the northerly wind reaches a maximum speed; 2) a trend of upwind flow near the trough is found during relaxation when the wind abates; 3) a northward flow dominates over the YSECS after the wind stops. The results also show that the upwind flow in the trough of Yellow Sea is forced by a wind-induced longitudinal surface elevation gradient.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.60-81
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• 2010

우리나라 제주도에는 바다를 통해 전달된 수평적 신화가 널리 분포하고, 가족 내에서 여성의 사회적 지위가 상대적으로 높고, 민가 역시 한반도 민가와 건물배치, 난방 취사 분리, 거주유형 등에서 확연한 차이를 보여, 민가형성에 북방문화 외에 다른 문화의 전래도 있었음을 짐작할 수 있다. 이러한 의문을 해결하기 위해서 한반도의 남해안과 제주도 이남에 펼쳐진 동중국해(혹은 동지나해)에 접한 민가를 비교하였다. 쿠로시오가 흐르고 계절풍이 부는 동중국해 지역에는 대륙의 북방문화뿐만 아니라 단속적이지만 바다를 통한 남방문화가 복합화되어 이곳 주문화권만의 특색을 이루었다. 이에 가신들이 좌정하는 성역을 통해 동중국해 민가에 나타나는 남방문화의 특성을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 동중국해 지역에는 해양과 관련된 수평적 신화가 주류를 이루고, 척박한 자연화경으로 반농반어 반농반채 등 이중적 생계수단을 지닌다. 가족구성은 전체적으로 모계 쌍계사회의 특성이 강한 연령계제제의 남방계 특성이 잔존하면서도, 외부적으로 대륙북방계에 원류를 두고 있는 가부장권의 특성이 상류계층과 도시에 나타나는 이중체계를 유지한다. 그래서 주택구조는 종적위계 남녀구별의 수직적 공간구성 대신에 세대별 기능별에 따른 수평적 공간구성을 이룬다. 둘째, 동중국해 지역은 정령신앙 조상숭배를 기반으로 한 토속신앙으로 가신들은 여성 농경 불과 관련성이 깊다. 부엌에서는 화신(조왕신), 곡창에서는 곡령신, 측간에서는 측신을 섬겼는데, 이들은 대부분 여신이고 사제도 주부들이 담당하였다. 이후 한 중 일 본토에서 불교 유교가 들어오면서 기존 여성중심의 무속의례에 남성중심의 불교 유교의례가 공존하는 이중적 성역을 이룬다. 셋째, 동중국해 지역에서 조왕신, 조령신, 측신들을 모시는 곳을 통해 별동형 부엌, 곡창, 돼지뒷간 등이 별동으로 존재했다가 점차 주택내로 흡수되는 것을 알 수 있고, 이는 건축기술의 발달과 생활양식 변화에 연유하였다. 또 곡창 돼지 뒷간의 고상식은 중국남부 경로와 별동형 부엌과 화신의 성격은 남양 경로와 관련이 있는 등 해양문화의 혼합성이 나타난다. 그러나 별동형 부엌 곡창 돼지 뒷간에 석재의 사용은 동중국해권 주문화권만의 특징이라고 하겠다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.100-110
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• 2005

2004년 이른 여름 한국남해 및 동중국해 북부해역의 해양환경과 식물플랑크톤 군집의 분포특성을 파악하기 위해 2004년 6월 동중국해 북부해역인 한국남해 해역을 대상으로 현장조사를 실시하였다. 결과 동중국해 북부해역은 3개의 서로 다른 수괴세력에 의해 해양환경이 지배되고 있었다. 여름 한국남해를 포함하는 동중국해 북부해역에 영향을 주는 수괴는 저온, 저염으로 제주서쪽해역의 표층에 강한 세력을 확장하는 중국대륙연안수와 저은, 저염 및 고밀도로 제주서측 저층에 탁월한 황해저층냉수 그리고 고온, 고염 특성으로 제주 동쪽과 한국남동해역에 넓게 분포하는 쓰시마난류수로 구분되었다. 각 수괴 사이에는 불연속면에 의한 수온약층과 전선이 형성되었으며, 수온 및 밀도, 약층은 정점에 따라 5 m에서 30 m 수심에, 용승에 의한 전선은 여수, 고흥반도 인근인 남해중앙부 해역에서 관찰되었다. 식물플랑크톤 군집은 26속 44종으로 매우 단조로운 종조성을 나타내었으며, 와편모조류인 Prorocentrum triestinum과 Scrippsiella trochoidea에 의해 우점하였다. 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 100 cells/L에서 10,800 cells/L 범위로 변화하였으나, 표층이 성층해역보다 높은 현존량을 나타내었다. 규조류는 쓰시마난류역에 주로 출현하는 반면, 편모 조류는 저염을 나타내는 해수와 전선역에서 출현하는 특성을 보였고, 전체 현존량 및 생물량은 편의조류에 의해 지배되었다. 식물플랑크톤 생물량(Chl-a)은 $0.09{\mu}g/L$에서 $2.59{\mu}g/L$로 변화하였으나, 현존량과는 달리 수온약층이나 아표층에서 표층보다 높은 생물량을 나타내었으며, 중국대륙연안수의 확장에 의해 생산이 지배되는 특성을 나타내었다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.189-206
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• 2015

우리나라 주변해역의 해양환경에 밀접한 영향이 있는 동중국해 북부해역의 해양환경 특성을 이해하기 위하여 해양환경 인자의 장기변동 양상을 파악하여 동중국해 북부해역의 해양특성을 구명하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 조사 방법은 1995년부터 2014년까지 20년간 계절에 따라 국립수산과학원 한국해양자료센터(KODC : Korea Oceanographic Data Center)의 동중국해 북부해역의 해양조사 자료(수온, 염분, 용존산소, 영양염, 엽록소-a)를 이용하였다. 연구기간 동안 동중국해 북부해역에 영향을 미치는 주요 수괴는 장강희석수, 대만난류수, 황해저층냉수, 쿠로시오 기원수로 구분되었다. 표층과 아표층에 형성되는 장강희석수와 대만난류수는 20년간 세력이 약화되었으며, 중층에 형성되는 쿠로시오 기원수의 세기는 현저히 감소하는 추세를 나타내었다. 그러나 황해저층냉수는 세력이 확장되는 추세를 나타내었다. 인산염과 규산염은 감소하는 추세였으며 인산염은 2009년 이후 표층에서 고갈되는 양상을 나타내었다. 이러한 원인으로는 장강희석수와 대만난류수를 통해 유입되는 영양염의 농도가 낮기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 엽록소-a의 농도는 연구기간 동안 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 이러한 원인은 수온증가와 황해저층냉수로부터 영양염 공급, 샨샤댐 건설에 의한 부유물질 감소에 따른 광투과 증가의 영향으로 판단된다.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.25-49
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• 2020

This essay, based on an oral presentation, provides the non-specialist, with an evaluation of the Mongols' influence and China and, to a lesser extent, on Russia and the Middle East. Starting in the 1980s, specialists challenged the conventional wisdom about the Mongol Empire's almost entirely destructive influence on global history. They asserted that Mongols promoted vital economic, social, and cultural exchanges among civilizations. Chinggis Khan, Khubilai Khan, and other rulers supported trade, adopted policies of toleration toward foreign religions, and served as patrons of the arts, architecture, and the theater. Eurasian history starts with the Mongols. Exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art confirmed that the Mongol era witnessed extraordinary developments in painting, ceramics, manuscript illustration, and textiles. To be sure, specialists did not ignore the destruction and killings that the Mongols engendered. This reevaluation has prompted both sophisticated analyses of the Mongols' legacy in Eurasian history. The Ming dynasty, the Mongols' successor in China, adopted some of the principles of Mongol military organization and tactics and were exposed to Tibetan Buddhism and Persian astronomy and medicine. The Mongols introduced agricultural techniques, porcelain, and artistic motifs to the Middle East, and supported the writing of histories. They also promoted Sufism in the Islamic world and influenced Russian government, trade, and art, among other impacts. Europeans became aware, via Marco Polo who traveled through the Mongols' domains, of Asian products, as well as technological, scientific, and philosophical innovations in the East and were motivated to find sea routes to South and East Asia.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1089-1101
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• 2009

In this paper, changes in the intensity (e.g., central pressure and maximum sustained wind speed) of Tropical Cyclone (TC) in summer in the regions located at $30^{\circ}N$ in East Asia from 1988 to 1991 were found. The intensity of TC from 1991 to 2007 was much higher than that of TC from 1965 to 1988. The reason for this was that the frequency of TCs passing China from 1991 to 2007 was much lower than that of TCs from 1965-1988 because a northeasterly wind caused by high-pressure circulation in East Asia got severer along the East Asian coast. Instead, TCs moved from the eastern region of the Tropical West Pacific to Korea and Japan mainly after passing the East China Sea due to the low-pressure circulation strengthened in the subtropical waters of East Asia. In addition, low Vertical Wind Shear (VWS) was created along the mid-latitude regions of East Asia and the main path of TCs from 1991 to 2007. Most of the regions in the Northwestern Pacific showed higher Sea Surface Temperature (SST) from 1991 to 2007, and had a good environment where TCs were able to maintain a higher intensity on the mid-latitude. In particular, a low sensible heat flux occurred due to high snow depth in East Asia in the spring of 1991 to 2007. Accordingly, the lower layer of East Asia showed high-pressure circulation, and the sea surrounding East Asia showed low-pressure circulation. Thus, the typical west-high, east-low pattern of winter atmospheric pressure was shown. The possibility of snowfall in East Asia in spring to be used as a factor for predicting the summer intensity of TC in the mid-latitude regions of East Asia was insinuated. The characteristics of TC in a low-latitude region were the same in Korea. The latest intensity of TCs got higher, and the landing location of TCs gradually changed from the west coast to the south coast.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.185-199
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• 1999

With a realistic geography and topography the Princeton Ocean Model is used to study the effects of topography, wind and time-varying Chanajiang (Yangtze) River discharge on the dispersion of the Chanaiiang River plume in the Yellow and East China Seas. The topographic feature of deepening offshore suppresses the offshore expansion of the discharged low salinity water while spreading along the coast is not hindered. Also the spreading of the Chanajiang River plume is very sensitive to wind conditions and the southerly wind is most responsible for the eastward expansion toward the Cheju Island. It is also shown that the influence of the Chanajiang River Diluted Water on the hydrography and circulation of the Yellow Sea including the South Sea of Korea is substantial even in the absence of tide, wind and current.

• 대기
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2008

In the tropical western Pacific (especially, west of 135oE, including South China Sea and the Philippines), during boreal summer, it was found that a strong correlation exists between the tropical cyclone activity and the drought conditions in Korea. During the summer drought, firstly, there were strong ascending flows over the tropical western Pacific with more tropical cyclone genesis, and to compensate for this, descending flows develop in the mid-latitudes, thereby causing drought; in other words, a secondary circulation is formed between the tropical western Pacific and mid-latitudes of East Asia. Secondly, the developments of both the subtropical western Pacific high and the Manchurian low are suppressed. As a result, both the land-sea pressure gradient and the southerly flow from low-latitudes to Korean area are also weakened, which reduces approaches of tropical cyclones to this area despite the high frequency of their geneses.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2020

Oncaea prendeli Shmeleva, 1966 is redescribed here based on a specimen collected using a fine-mesh net in the epipelagic layer in the south sea of Jeju Island, Korea. The Korean specimen is generally similar to Mediterranean specimens in terms of morphological characteristics, but it shows a few minor differences in a slightly larger length-to-width ratio for the distal endopod segment of the antenna, a relatively shorter caudal seta IV, and additional ornamentation on the maxillule and maxilla. This species is distinguishable from the most similar congeneric species, O. tregoubovi Shmeleva, 1968, and three species of the genus Spinoncaea Böttger-Schnack, 2003 by the distal and lateral armature of the antenna, ornamentation on the female maxilliped, spine number on the endopod of leg 2, and proportional length of setae on the caudal ramus. Moreover, spine lengths on the exopods of legs 2-4 are proposed as new morphological characters for the identification of congeners. This is the first record of O. prendeli in Korean waters.