• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.528-535
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• 2004

Ultrasonic Vibrator is designed to achieve the maximum vibration amplitude at 30 kHz by in-cluding a horn (diameter, 40 mm), mechanical vibration amplifier at the top of the ultrasonic vibrator in the system and making the complete system resonate. In addition, it is experimentally visualized by particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) that the acoustic streaming velocity in the gap is at maximum when the gap between the ultrasonic vibrator and stationary plate agrees with the multiples of half-wavelength of the ultrasonic wave. This fact results from the resonance of the sound wave and the theoretical analysis of that is also accomplished and verified by experiment. It is observed that the magnitude of the acoustic streaming dependent upon the gap between the ultrasonic vibrator and stationary plate possibly changes due to the measurement of the average velocity fields of the acoustic streaming induced by the ultrasonic vibration at resonance and non-resonance. There exists extremely small average velocity at non-resonant gaps while the relatively large average velocity exists at resonant gaps compared with non-resonant gaps. It also reveals that there should be larger axial turbulent intensity at the hub region of the vibrator and at the edge of it in the resonant gap where the air streaming velocity is maximized and the flow phenomena is conspicuous than that at the other region. Because the variation of the acoustic streaming velocity at resonant gap is more distinctive than that at non-resonant gap, shear stress increases more in the resonant gap and is also maximized at the center region of the vibrator except the local position of center (r〓0). At the non-resonant gap there should be low values of vorticity distribution, but in contrast to the non-resonant gap, high and negative values of it exist at the center region of the vibrator with respect to the radial direction and in the vicinity of the middle region with respect to the axial direction. Acoustic streaming is noise-free due to the ultrasonic vibration and maintenance-free because of the absence of moving parts. Moreover, the proposed method by acoustic streaming can be utilized to the nano and micro-electro mechanical systems as a driving mechanism in addition to the augmentation of the streaming velocity.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.287-293
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• 2013

This study was carried out to diminish the formation of scale in boilers which is one of the defect elements when they are operating. The defect relating to scale can cause a fatal impact on the explosion of boilers due to the overheating of their tubes, or it can affect the flow of water inside boilers with its bad circulation and result in a disparity of water inside the equipment. Heat transfer in the scale is low comparing to the boiler material, so it can lead to energy losses and has also impact on the global warming. In 2005, the Korean government introduced a system which requires boiler users to install the equipment which can prevent or eliminate the formation of scale to improve the management of water quality in boilers. The study on the techniques for preventing or eliminating the formation of scale started in 1821 and since then subsequently there have been lots of similar studies. The first one was about the scale reduction using potato starch. Since an ultrasonic scale preventer developed by a scientist from a Russian acoustic institute was introduced in1993, a variety of equipment of this kind have been disseminated in Korea. There has been a need to demonstrate the condition for the best performances of such equipment. Boilers are mostly composed of the main body and 288 the tube with a circular curved surface. I carried out a demonstration study on a circular tube which affects the scale defect the most among the boiler components. As a result of it, I found out the fact that the ultrasonic wave needs to reach a certain level of sound pressure and frequency to affect the formation of scale.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to verify human physiological responses to emotional lighting system using LED (light emitting diode) flat lighting. Subjects were ten males in their twenties without medical history to eyes. Colors of LED lighting are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and colorless (white). They were stimulated by LED lighting for 5 minutes. We measured body temperature, heart rate variability (HRV) and electroencephalogram (EEG) before and after color stimulus. In case of EEG analysis, relative power ${\alpha}$ wave ratio decreased in the groups of colorless, red and orange color light. Also, sympathetic nerve was more activated than parasympathetic nerve and the body temperature was increased in the groups of colorless, red, orange, yellow color light. On the other hand, relative power ${\alpha}$ wave ratio increased and parasympathetic nerve was more activated than sympathetic nerve and the body temperature was decreased in the groups of green, blue and purple color light. The results imply that the LED color lighting system in the realistic experiment environment. In the future, studies with compounded both colors and modes according to situation or auditory as nature sound or olfactory as aroma will be required.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2003

Leaks in underground pipelines can cause social, environmental and economical problems. One of relevant countermeasures against leaks is to find and repair of leak points of the pipes. Leak noise is a good source to identify the location of leak points of the pipelines. Although there have been several methods to detect the leak location with leak noise, such as listening rods, hydrophones or ground microphones, they have not been so efficient tools. In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) sensors and accelermeters are used to detect leak locations which could provide all easier and move efficient method. Filtering, signal processing and algorithm of raw input data from sensors for the detection of leak location are described. A 120m-long pipeline system for experiment is installed and the results with the system show that the algorithm with the AE sensors and accelerometers offers accurate pinpointing of leaks. Theoretical analysis of sound wave propagation speed of water in underground pipes, which is critically important in leak locating, is also described.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2022

In this paper, we present the Korean menu-ordering Sentence Text-to-Speech (TTS) system using conformer-based FastSpeech2. Conformer is the convolution-augmented transformer, which was originally proposed in Speech Recognition. Combining two different structures, the Conformer extracts better local and global features. It comprises two half Feed Forward module at the front and the end, sandwiching the Multi-Head Self-Attention module and Convolution module. We introduce the Conformer in Korean TTS, as we know it works well in Korean Speech Recognition. For comparison between transformer-based TTS model and Conformer-based one, we train FastSpeech2 and Conformer-based FastSpeech2. We collected a phoneme-balanced data set and used this for training our models. This corpus comprises not only general conversation, but also menu-ordering conversation consisting mainly of loanwords. This data set is the solution to the current Korean TTS model's degradation in loanwords. As a result of generating a synthesized sound using ParallelWave Gan, the Conformer-based FastSpeech2 achieved superior performance of MOS 4.04. We confirm that the model performance improved when the same structure was changed from transformer to Conformer in the Korean TTS.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2023

A 12-year-old Standard Poodle presented with intermittent weakness and occasional dyspnea at the Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital of Kangwon National University. A grade of 4 out of 6 systolic murmur with an irregular tachycardic rhythm was auscultated on both sides of the chest. Systolic blood pressure was 140 mmHg. Panting was noticed in the hospital, but there was no crackle sound. Blood analysis revealed mild increases in liver panel levels (alanine aminotransferase 149 [reference interval, 19-70] U/L; and alkaline phosphatase, 185 [reference interval, 15-127] U/L) and severe increases in cardiac biomarker levels (n-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, 4169 [reference interval, 50-900] pmol/L; and cardiac troponin I, 0.22 [reference interval, 0.03-0.12] ng/mL). On electrocardiography, irregularly irregular supraventricular tachycardic rhythm with an f-wave and no distinct p-wave was observed. Generalized cardiomegaly with an enlarged right atrium and left ventricle was confirmed on thoracic radiography. Moreover, hepatomegaly and an enlarged caudal vena cava were observed. Echocardiographic evaluation revealed a fibromuscular diaphragm in the right ventricle. Because of the obstructive lesion in the right ventricle, the right atrium and ventricle were enlarged (right atrial area index, 38.82 cm²/m² [reference interval, 4.2-10.2 cm²/m²]; right ventricle end-diastolic area index, 14.152 cm²/m² [reference interval, 4.9-10.92 cm²/m²]). Accordingly, the patient was diagnosed with double-chambered right ventricle (DCRV). Pimobendan, furosemide, enalapril, diltiazem, and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) were prescribed, and all symptoms were relieved. DCRV is a right-sided congenital heart defect resembling pulmonic valve stenosis. If symptoms are not severe, medical therapy can be facilitated without surgery or the balloon dilation.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.91-97
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• 2014

A high resolution numerical method aimed at solving cavitating flow was proposed and applied to gas-liquid two-phase shock tube problem with arbitrary void fraction. The present method with compressibility effects employs a finite-difference 4th-order Runge-Kutta method and Roe's flux difference splitting approximation with the MUSCL TVD scheme. The Jacobian matrix from the inviscid flux of constitute equation is diagonalized analytically and the speed of sound for the two-phase media is derived by eigenvalues. So that the present method is appropriate for the extension of high order upwind schemes based on the characteristic theory. By this method, a Riemann problem for Euler equations of one dimensional shock tube was computed. Numerical results of high speed flow phenomena such as detailed observations of shock and expansion wave propagations through the gas-liquid two-phase media and some data related to computational efficiency are made. Comparisons of predicted results and solutions at isothermal condition are provided and discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.3218-3222
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• 2013

Pansori is our traditional vocal sound, originality and excellence in the art of conversation, gesture general became a globally recognized world intangible heritage. Especially, Pansori as shrews and humorous representation of audience participation with a high degree of artistic value and enjoy the arts throughout all layers to be responsible for the social integration of functions is evaluated. Therefore, in this paper, Pansori five yard target speech signal analysis techniques applied to analyze the Pansori acoustic features of a representation of a society and era correlation extraction studies were performed. Pansori on the five yard spectrogram, pitch, stability and strength analysis for this experiment. Pansori through experimental results Comical story while keeping the audience focused and interested to better reflect the characteristics of energy for the wave of voice and vocal cord tremor change the width of a large, stable and voice with a loud voice, that expresses were analyzed.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.308-316
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• 2013

A set of experiments (Shallow Water 2006, SW06) was carried out in shallow water near the New Jersey shelf break in summer 2006. Significant fluctuations in direct and surface reflected arrivals were observed from the chirp data (1100~2900 Hz) measured on a vertical line array. This paper presents a geoacoustic inverssion technique for short-range acoustic data with fluctuating arrivals and inversion results of experimental data. In order to reduce effects of random sea surface on the inversion, the acoustic energy back-propagated from the array to the source through direct and bottom-reflected paths is defined as the objective function. A multi-step inversion scheme is applied to the data using VFSR (Very Fast Simulated Reannealing) optimization technique. The inversion results show a source depth oscillation period equal to the measured ocean surface wave period. The inverted bottom sound speed is 1645 m/s and is similar to that estimated by other work at the same site.