• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2017

This experiment was carried out to compare the productivity and feed value between standard cultivation and organic mixed expeller cake fertilizer cultivation to develop organic cultivation technology except from standard cultivation using chemical fertilizers in the field of forage production. This study was conducted in the rice field of Livestock Research Institute Jacheon-myeon, Gangin-gun Jellanam-do. Organic mixed expeller cake fertilizer consists of 4.0% nitrogen, 65% castor, 30% seeds and 5% fish meal. Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrids(SX17) was sowed 40kg per hectare on May 25. Test group formation was consisted of a standard group and test treatment. The standard group(Con.) was fertilized chemical fertilizer according to the N-P-K kg/ha, 200-150-150 (basal 100kg, uptake 100kg). Test treatment was carried out organic fertilizer 100%(T1), organic fertilizer 150%(T2) and organic fertilizer 200%(T3) according to the nitrogen content of standard group(Con.). Plant height of harvest time depending on the treatment was that Con was 317cm, T1 was 252cm, T2 was 269cm and T3 was 293cm. Dry matter yield was that Con was 11,386kg/ha, T1 was 6,015kg/ha, T2 was 6,799kg/ha, T3 was 7,627kg/ha. In the test treatment, plant height and dry matter yield increased with increasing fertilizer. Crude protein was the height in Con(7.0%) and Crude protein of test treatment was T1(5.7%), T2(6.3%), and T3(5.1%). As a result of this study, T2 was recommended.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 1991

A series of tests was carried out to determine the purity and germination of pasture plant and forage crop seeds imported in 1986 and 1987 at the grassland and forage laboratory, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suweon. At the same time, the results obtained were compared with the National Livestook Cooperatives Federation(NLCF1's seed standards as a guide for determining seed quality. 1. The germination percentages of Potomac orchardgrass, Fawn tall fescue, Aquila Ky bluegrass and California ladino clover among grasses and legumes tested were lower than those of the N1,CF's standards, but the germination percentages of forage crops were higher than those of the NLCF's standards. 2. The purity of Potomac orchardgrass and Aquila Ky bluegrass were relatively lower than those of the NLCF's standards. 3. The percentages of other crop seeds in Potomac orchardgrass, Fawn tall fescue, Aquila Ky bluegrass and Cayuse oats were lower than those of the NLCF's standards. 4. Percentage of inert matter in the seeds was lower compared with the NLCF's standards except Akela ' forage rape. 5. The seeds of Potomac orchardgrass, NK 367 sorghum hybrid and sorghum x sudangrass hybrids such as NC+855, G83F and TE Haygrazer were contaminated with one or more weed seeds. Rumex spp. was by far the most common weed in the seeds imported. The other weeds occurred at a low level were Rumex acestosella, Senecio jacobaea, Cirsium arvense and Cuscicta spp. 6. There were many variations in 1,000 seed weight among different species. A thousand seed weight of Aquila Ky bluegrass was 0.263g, but that of Tetrone Italian ryegrass, Akela forage rape and Pioneer 3160 sorghum x sudangrass hybrid was 3.875, 3.476 and 242.4578, respectively. 7. According to the fluorescence test of ryegrass seed, Tetrone Italian ryegrass was known as a true annual type, but an unknown cultivar produced in Cheju was contaminated with 6% of perennial ryegrass seed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 1994

This experiment was carried out to select the $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrid of high productivity suited for soiling, and growth characteristics and productivity of 9 cultivars of introduced $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrids have been evaluated at the experimental forage field, College of Natural Science of Kon-Kuk university in Chungju over three years. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. NC855, Sordan79 and T. E haygrazer were taller than the other varieties as range from 209cm to 213cm. while Supergrazer was the shortest type as 173cm. Among the nine varieties used, NC855 and Pioneer 988 were classified as early maturing varieties, but G83F, FP5 and Supergrazer were classified as lately maturing varieties. 2. The stem diameter of Supergnzer and Sordan79 were thicker than the other varieties, while NC855, Garst757 and FP5 were thin. 3. The tillers of $Sorghum{\times}Sudangrass$ hybrids were ranged from 3.1 to 4.0 and NC855 and FP5 had 4.0 tillers per plant. The dead stubble of Sordan79 was the lowest as 4.0 percentage, while Supergrazer was the highest as 9.8 percentage(P<0.05). 4. GW9110G and T. E haygrazer were susceptible to lodging(P

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2002

The growth characteristics, forage yields and nutritive values of heading and headless types of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass(Sorghum bicolar L.) hybrids were examined to evaluate the adaptability of new cultivars at Suwon and Chunahn for two years from 2000 to 2001 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Eleven cultivars of heading type and 4 cultivars of headless type were used in this study. The dry matter(DM) yield of AG 2501 was highest in the heading type cultivars, and PAC F8350 in the headless type cultivars, respectively. The DM yields of heading types were slightly higher than those of headless types but there were not significantly different. Early growth and regrowth characteristics of heading type was highest in AG 2501 and GW 9110G, respectively. GW 9110G and DMD were early heading types, and AG 2501 and GW 9161F were middle heading types. AG 2501 was longest and GW 9161F was shortest in plant height. Cultivars with long leaf length were appeared to be larger fur leaf width and stem diameter. Brix content was highest in DMD as 9.7%, and disease and insect resistances were not significantly different among the heading types. Early growth of headless type cultivar, PAC F8350 was slightly lower than that of Jumbo but stronger in regrowth, wider in leaf width and stem diameter, and stronger in lodging. Comparisons of growth characters between heading and headless types of cultivars were not easy in general but between them, brix contents of heading types ranging from 6.7 to 7.9% were greatly higher than those of headless types ranging from 3.6 to 3.9%. Nutritive values such as crude protein, ADF, NDF and digestibility of headless type cultivars were higher than those of heading types. In conclusion, of heading type cultivars, GW 9110G, AG 2501, DMD and GW 9161F, and of headless type cultivars, Jumbo and PAC F8350 were recommended as high yielding cultivars with good adaptability in domestic environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1992

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of seeding rates and nitrogen fertilization levels on the yield. carbohydrate reserves in stubble and stand reduction of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bie%r (L.) Moench) in 1983 on the Experimental Livestock Farm, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University in Suwon. The results of this experiment are summarized as follows: I. There was no significant difference in forage yield among three seeding rates(20, 40. and 80kgjha), but there was a significant difference(P <.0 I) in forage yield among three N fertilization levels(O, I 50. and 300kgjha). High nitrogen plot showed the highest dry matter yield. 2. Carbohydrate reserves were influenced not only by seeding rates, but also by nitrogen fertilization levels at first cut(P < .05). At second harvest, no treatments affect the carbohydrate reserves. 3. Only the seeding rates affect the stand reduction at first harvest. But the mortality was influenced by seeding rates and N fertilization levels(P < .05). The high seeding rates caused the high mortality. 4. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that the seeding rate of 40 kgjha and nitrogen fertilization of 300kgjha would be recommendable for maximum forage yield and good performance where sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are broadcasted for summer forage production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 1989

In 1988 the tolerance of corn, sorghum, sorghum-sudangrass. and pearl millet hybrids to simazine and alachlor was tested in field during the growing season and pots during the summer and fall. In field and summer pot experiments(Exp.) the above mentioned four crops were tested at the ratios of simazine WP (50% ai, g/10a) ; alachlor EC (43.7% ai. ml/10a) of 130: 0, 100: 0, 70: 200, 0: 300 and 0: 400 and a sorghum hybrid was tested at 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400ml/10a of alachlor and 70g/10a of simazine+ 200ml/10a of alachlor in fall pot Exp. In corn emergence rate, percent stand, plant height of seedlings, and dry matter(DM) yield were not affected by simazine and alachlor in all Exps. In sorghum and sorghum-sudangrass early growth and DM yield were not affected by simazine and alachlor in field Exp. In contrast, simazine reduced height and dry weight of seedlings slightly without any deterimental effects on emergence and survival rates. but alachlor reduced survival rate, plant height, and dry weight of seedlings significantly in summer pot Exp. In fall Exp. alachlor did not affect emergence rate of a sorghum hybrid, but survival rate, plant height, and dry weight of seedlings reduced with increased levels of alachlor when applied higher than 100ml/10a. In pearl millet simazine did not affect emergence rate, plant height, and DM yield in field, but reduced survival rate, plant height, and dry weight of seedlings in summer pot Exp. However, alachlor reduced DM yield significantly due to a lower percent stand even in the field. In summer pot Exp. although emeregence rate was slightly reduced, all seedlings were dead after emergence. Simazine did not control grasses such as Digitaria sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, Echinochloa crusgalli effectively, but controlled broadleaf weeds. Alachlor controlled all grasses, Porluraca oleracea, and Amaranthus mangostanus, but did not control Acalypha australis and Chenopodium album. A combination of simazine and alachlor controlled weeds more effectively than either simazine or alachlor alone.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2015

This study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 in the middle region of Korea to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage production, and quality of kenaf, maize, and a sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid. The three crops used in this study were kenaf "Hongma 300," maize "Kwangpyeongok," and the sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid "Jumbo" (headless type). The sugar contents of the kenaf, maize, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 5.4%, 4.4%, and 2.5%, respectively. The emergence rates and lodgings of the three crops were sound, as they were more than 80% and 1.5, respectively. The fresh yields of kenaf, maize, and the sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 117,521 kg/ha, 73,336 kg/ha, and 133,334 kg/ha, respectively, and the dry matter (DM) yields were 28,598 kg/ha, 19,951 kg/ha and 20,083 kg/ha, respectively. The DM yield of kenaf was significantly the highest among the three crops (p<0.05). However, the total digestible nutrients (TDN) contents of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 43.3 %, 72.0 %, and 54.8 %, respectively, and the in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) yields were 44.4%, 73.7%, and 59.6 %, respectively; therefore, the TDN yield of the corn was 13 % significantly higher than that of the kenaf (p<0.05). The TDN yields of the kenaf, corn, and sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrid were 12,472 kg/ha, 14,350 kg/ha, and 11,001 kg/ha, respectively. Among the three crops, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were highest in the kenaf. This study shows that the kenaf had a good forage productivity but a low forage quality.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine adequate forage crop choice and optimal level of livestock manure, when different types and levels of the livestock manure were applied in corns or sorghum$\times$sorghum hybrids for the production of organic roughages by utilizing livestock manure. For the corn, yields of annual dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were highest in N+P+K-applied treatments, showing 17.3 and 11.7 ton/ha, respectively. Treatments applied 100% composted cattle manure (8.9 and 6.1 ton/ha) and 100% cattle slurry (9.4 and 7.5 ton/ ha) in contrast with chemical fertilizer-N had higher yields of DM and TDN than no fertilizer (4.8 and 2.7 ton/ha) and P+K-applied treatments (8.8 and 6.0 ton/ha). Particularly, treatments applied 150% composted cattle manure and 150% cattle slurry were markedly higher, which represented 11.4 and 7.6 ton/ha and 10.3 and 7.3 ton/ha, respectively. Crude protein (CP) contents for corns applied livestock manure ranged from 5.6 to 6.6%, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of no fertilizer (3.9%) and P+K-applied treatments (5.5%). ADF (42.4%) and NDF (58.3%) contents for no fertilizer treatment were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of other treatments. However, TDN contents were higher for livestock manure treatments than for no and/or chemical fertilizer treatments. In particular, TDN contents of treatments applied 150% composted cattle manure and 150% cattle slurry showed 72.3 and 70.8%, respectively and both treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than all of the other treatments. For the sorghum$\times$sorghum hybrid, yields of annual DM and TDN for 100% (12.4 and 7.4 ton/ha) and 150% (13.1 and 7.6 ton/ha) cattle slurry-applied treatments, and N+P+K-applied treatments (12.6 and 7.7 ton/ha) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of the others. In the others, 150% composted cattle manure (9.3 and 5.2 ton/ha) had higher annual DM and TDN yields than P+K-applied (8.4 and 4.8 ton/ha) and 100% composted cattle manure treatments (7.4 and 4.2 ton/ha), with no significant difference. Crude protein contents for sorghum$\times$sorghum hybrid applied P+K and cattle slurry were 8.8 and 8.6%, respectively. CP contents for both treatments were significantly higher than those of composted manure ($7.5{\sim}8.3%$) and no fertilizer (4.0%) treatments, but 100% livestock manure treatments had higher CP contents than 150%-applied treatments. ADF and NDF contents for N+P+K and cattle slurry-applied treatments were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the others. However, TDN contents were highest in N+P+K and cattle slurry-applied treatments, showing 61.2 and 58.3 to 59.4%, respectively. These results indicated that application of livestock manure instead of chemical fertilizer to the soil of forage crops might not only improve yields of DM and TDN, but also reduce environmental pollution by producing organic roughages through recycling of livestock manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2002

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of application level of animal manure on the nitrate nitrogen concentration, sugar content and animal intake of forage sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. Pionee. 988) in 1995. The application amount of animal manure were 50, 100 and 150MT in cattle manure, 20, 40 and 80MT in swine manure, and 10, 20 and 40MT/ha in poultry manure. Non-application plot(control) was involved. The nitrate nitrogen concentration was increased with increasing of application level of animal manure(P<0.05). Average nitrate nitrogen concentration was 397, 512, and 609mg/kg at low, medium and high application level of animal manure. The nitrate nitrogen concentration by plant height was 438mg/kg at 50~60m of plant height, 454mg at 100~120cm, and 418mg at 200~220cm. The nitrate nitrogen concentration of stems was 376mg, and significantly higher than that(135mg) of leaves(P<0.05) regardless of animal manure type, and lower parts of stems and leaves were significantly higher than those of upper parts of plants(P<0.05). Average nitrate nitrogen concentration of leaves was 151mg at lower, and 58mg at upper parts of plants, and the concentration of stems was 357mg at lower, 511mg at middle, and 610mg at upper parts of plants. The sugar contents of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid was decreased with increasing of application level of animal manure(P<0.05). Average sugar content was 4.9, 4.4, and 4.3。 at low, medium and high application level of animal manure. The sugar content by plant height was 3.9。 at 50~60 and 100~120cm of plant height, and 6.1。 at 200~220cm of plant height. Animal intake of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid was decreased greatly with increasing of application level of animal manure. Average intake was 73.9, 55.7, and 52.3% at low, medium and high application level of animal manure. The intake by animal manure type was 73.7% in cattle, 59.7% in swine and 62.5% in poultry manure.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to find the effect of seeding rates and herbicides on the weed control, yield and crude protein of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The variety used in the present study was Pioneer 988. Two different seeding rates were 25 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha and five weed control treatments were weedy check, hand weeded check, alachlor, alachlor+simazine, and simazine of preemergence application. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Forage yield was not influenced by seeding rates. There was no significant difference between forage yield from 25 kg/ha and from 50 kg/ha of seeding rates. But weedy plots showed higher yield from the high seeding rate. Alachlor+simazine treatment showed the greatest yield among the weed control treatments. But there was no difference among the hand weeded treatment, simazine treatment, and alachlor+simazine treatment. 2. Seeding rates did not affect weed yield, but weedy plots showed the tendancy toward higher weed yield from the low seeding rate. Alachlor+simazing preemergence application showed the most effective weed control. But there was no significant difference in weed yield among the treatments of the hand weeded, alachlor+simazine and simazine. The weed yield in alachlor treatment was significantly higher than other three treatments. 3. The height of plant was shortest on the weedy plots and the longest height was obtained from the alachlor+simazine application. But in the first harvest the height was reduced by herbicides. Seeding rates did not affect the plant height. But the height was slightly taller under the low seeding rate than under the high seeding rate. 4. The percent crude protein of the forage did not affected by two seeding rates. Simazine treatments increased the percent crude protein and total crude protein yield. Simazine and alachlor+simazine application showed the significantly higher percent crude protein than hand weeded and alachlor treatments. Simazine increased the percent crude protein without reduction of forage yield. 5. Whereas the number of original stand was greater in the high seeding rate, the number of tillers per stand was higher in the low seeding rate. Weed reduced the number of stands and tillers. There was no significant indifference among the weed control treatments. It is concluded from above results that when sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are broadcasted for forage, 25 kg/ha rate of seeding is appropriate and alachlor+simazine treatment is most effective on weed control, maximum forage yield, and high percent crude protein.